Regulation S-B
Item 512

Undertakings

Include each of the following undertakings that apply to the offering.

a. Rule 415 Offering. If the small business issuer is registering securities under Rule 415 of the Securities Act, that the small business issuer will:

1. File, during any period in which it offers or sells securities, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement to:

i. Include any prospectus required by section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act;

ii. Reflect in the prospectus any facts or events which, individually or together, represent a fundamental change in the information in the registration statement; and Notwithstanding the forgoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation From the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospects filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in the volume and price represent no more than a 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the "Calculation of Registration Fee" table in the effective registration statement.

iii. Include any additional or changed material information on the plan of distribution.

Notes to Item 512(2)(1):

Small business issuers do not need to give the statements in paragraphs (a)(1)(i) and (a)(1)(ii) of this Item if the registration statement is on Form S-S-8 (§239.16b) of this chapter, and the information required in a post-effective amendment is incorporated by reference from periodic reports filed by the small business issuer under the Exchange Act and

2. Small business issuers do not need to give the statements in paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (a)(1)(ii), and (a)(1)(iii) of this Item if the registration statement is on Form S-3 (§239.13 of this chapter) and the information required in a post-effective amendment is incorporated by reference from periodic reports filed by the small business issuer under the Exchange Act, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(§230.424(b) of this chapter) that is deemed part of and included in the registration statement.  

1. For determining liability under the Securities Act, treat each post-effective amendment as a new registration statement of the securities offered, and the offering of the securities at that time to be the initial bona fide offering.

2. File a post-effective amendment to remove from registration any of the securities that remain unsold at the end of the offering.

3. For determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser, each prospectus filed by the small business issuer pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) (Sec. 230.424(b)(3) of this chapter) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness.

For determining liability of the undersigned small business issuer under the Securities Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned small business issuer undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned small business issuer pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned small business issuer will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:

i.  Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned small business issuer relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424 (§230.424 of this chapter);

ii.  Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned small business issuer or used or referred to by the undersigned small business issuer;

iii.  The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned small business issuer or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned small business issuer; and

iv. Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned small business issuer to the purchaser.

4. For determining liability of the small business issuer under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser, the small business issuer undertakes that in a primary offering for the benefit of the small business issuer pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, the small business issuer will be considered to offer or sell the securities by means of any of the following communications:

i. A small business issuer's registration statement relating to the offering and any preliminary prospectus and prospectus supplement relating to the offering filed pursuant to Rule 424 (Sec. 230.424 of this chapter);

ii. Any free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned small business issuer;

iii. Information about the small business issuer or its securities (A) provided by or on behalf of the undersigned small business issuer and (B) included in any other free writing prospectus; and

iv. Any other communication made by or on behalf of undersigned small business issuer.

b. Warrants and rights offerings. If the small business issuer will offer the securities to existing security holders under warrants or rights and the small business issuer will reoffer to the public any securities not taken by security holders, with any modifications that suit the particular case -- The small business issuer will supplement the prospectus, after the end of the subscription period, to include the results of the subscription offer, the transactions by the underwriters during the subscription period, the amount of unsubscribed securities that the underwriters will purchase and the terms of any later reoffering. If the underwriters make any public offering of the securities on terms different from those on the cover page of the prospectus, the small business issuer will file a post-effective amendment to state the terms of such offering.

c. Competitive bids. If the small business issuer is offering securities at competitive bidding, with modifications to suit the particular case, the small business issuer will:

1. prospective bidders, underwriters, and dealers, a reasonable number of copies of a prospectus that meet the requirements of section 10(a) of the Securities Act, and relating to the securities offered at competitive bidding, as contained in the registration statement, together with any supplements; and:

2. file an amendment to the registration statement reflecting the result of bidding, the terms of the reoffering and related matters where required by the applicable form, not later than the first use, authorized by the issuer after the opening of bids, of a prospectus relating to the securities offered at competitive bidding, unless the issuer proposes no further public offering of such securities by the issuer or by the purchasers.

d. Equity offerings of nonreporting small business issuers. If a small business issuer that before the offering had no duty to file reports with the Commission under section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act is registering equity securities for sale in an underwritten offering -- The small business issuer will provide to the underwriter at the closing specified in the underwriting agreement certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the underwriter to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.

e. Request for acceleration of effective date. If the small business issuer will request acceleration of the effective date of the registration statement under Rule 461 under the Securities Act, include the following:

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 (the "Act") may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the small business issuer pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the small business issuer has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.

In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the small business issuer of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the small business issuer in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the small business issuer will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

f. If the issuer relies on Rule 430A under the Securities Act, that the small business issuer will:

1. For determining any liability under the Securities Act, treat the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the small business issuer under Rule 424(b)(1), or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act as part of this registration statement as of the time the Commission declared it effective.

2. For determining any liability under the Securities Act, treat each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus as a new registration statement for the securities offered in the registration statement, and that offering of the securities at that time as the initial bona fide offering of those securities.

g.  That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act to any purchaser:

1.  If the small business issuer is relying on Rule 430B (§230.430B of this chapter):

i.  Each prospectus filed by the undersigned small business issuer pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) (§230.424(b)(3) of this chapter) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and

ii.  Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) (§230.424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) of this chapter) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) (§230.415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) of this chapter) for the purpose of providing the information required by section 10(a) of the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date; or

2.  If the small business issuer is subject to Rule 430C (§230.430C of this chapter), include the following:

Each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(§230.424(b) of this chapter) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying on Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A (§230.430A of this chapter), shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.