Company Name: Entergy Corp.
Public Availability Date: February 6, 2008
Document Sections: INQUIRY LETTER
INQUIRY LETTER
APPENDIX
INQUIRY LETTER
INQUIRY LETTER
STAFF REPLY LETTER
[INQUIRY LETTER]
December 20, 2007
Via Electronic Mail and UPS Overnight Courier
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Division of Corporation Finance
Office of Chief Counsel
100 F Street, N.E.
Washington, D.C. 20549
Re: Entergy Corporation - Stockholder Proposal submitted by Mr. George E. Hults,
Jr.
Ladies and Gentlemen:
This letter is submitted by Entergy Corporation, a Delaware corporation
("Entergy" or the "Company"), pursuant to Rule 14a-8(j) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, to notify the Securities and Exchange
Commission (the "Commission") of Entergy's intention to exclude from its proxy
materials for its 2008 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "Annual Meeting") a
stockholder proposal (the "Proposal") submitted by Mr. George E. Hults, Jr. (the
"Proponent") and received by Entergy on November 19, 2007. Entergy requests
confirmation that the staff (the "Staff") of the Division of Corporation Finance
will not recommend to the Commission that enforcement action be taken if Entergy
excludes the Proposal from its Annual Meeting proxy materials pursuant to Rule
14a-8(i)(7), Rule 14a-8(i)(10), Rule 14a-8(i)(5) and Rule 14a-8(i)(3).
The Proposal stipulates the following:
"Resolved: that the shareholders of Entergy request the Board of Directors to
adopt a policy requiring the recusal of directors with health industry
affiliations from any Board deliberations or decisions related to public policy
issues concerning health care, including proposals for universal health
insurance or similar reforms.
For purposes of this proposal, `directors with health industry affiliations'
means any Board member who is also a director, executive officer, or former
executive of a company or trade association whose primary business is the health
insurance, health care, or pharmaceutical industry. This policy would not apply
to ordinary business matters, including the provision of employee benefits."
A copy of the Proposal, including its supporting statement, is attached to this
letter as Exhibit A.
Entergy intends to file its definitive proxy materials for the Annual Meeting on
or about March 14, 2008. In accordance with Rule 14a-8(j), six copies of this
letter and its exhibits are enclosed, and one copy of this letter and its
exhibits has been sent to the Proponent.
Discussion
I. The Proposal May Properly be Excluded under Rule 14a-8(i)(7) Because the
Proposal Deals with Matters Relating to the Company's Ordinary Business
Operations
The Company has in place a code of business conduct and ethics for directors
("Entergy Ethics Code"), attached hereto as Exhibit B. This code addresses a
wide range of subjects, including conflicts of interest, corporate
opportunities, confidentiality, use of company assets, fair dealing, requirement
to comply with laws, rules, and regulations, and procedures to ensure compliance
with the code. The code specifically prohibits a director from allowing his or
her private interests to interfere with the interests of the Company as a whole.
The code also requires conflicts of interests to be disclosed immediately to the
Corporate Governance Committee, which will review and analyze all such
disclosures. The code includes some conflicts commonly encountered by directors
generally, but purposefully avoids any attempt to describe all possible
conflicts of interest which could develop.
In contrast, the Proposal applies to very narrow (and unlikely) circumstances.
It stipulates the mandatory recusal of directors with "health industry
affiliations" from any "Board deliberations or decisions" related to "public
policy issues concerning health care." This high degree of specificity is
generally inconsistent with the approach of the Entergy Ethics Code, and
adoption of the Proposal would necessarily require an amendment to the Entergy
Ethics Code.
The Staff has a longstanding and consistent practice of upholding the exclusion
of proposals relating to company ethics or conflict of interest policies on the
grounds that such proposals deal with matters relating to the company's ordinary
business operations and are therefore excludable under Rule 14a-8(i)(7). For
example, in Costco Wholesale Corp. (December 11, 2003), the Staff upheld
exclusion of a shareholder proposal requesting the board of directors to
"develop a thorough Code of Ethics that would also address issues of bribery and
corruption." The proponent of the Costco proposal contended that the change was
desirable from a social policy standpoint in view of likely shareholder concern
regarding newspaper reports suggesting potential bribery and other alleged
unethical acts by officers of the company. However, the Staff agreed with Costco
that the proposal was excludable "as relating to its ordinary business
operations (i.e., terms of its code of ethics)." The outcome in Costco was in
accord with a long line of decisions, including: (i) Transamerica Corp. (January
22, 1986) (proposal to form a special board committee to develop and promulgate
a code of corporate conduct); (ii) USX Corporation (December 28, 1995) (proposal
for the board to adopt and maintain a comprehensive Code of Ethics); (iii)
Sizeler Property Investors (February 7, 1997) (proposal urged the board of
directors to take certain steps that would eliminate possible conflict of
interest); and (iv) Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation (February 2, 1997)
(proposal attempted to remove all actual or apparent conflicts of interest by
board members). In all the cases cited above, the Staff deemed that the subject
matter of the proposals constituted ordinary business matters, and upheld
exclusion in reliance on Rule 14a-8(i)(7), or an earlier variant of the rule.
The facts of this case place it squarely under the Rule 14a-8(i)(7) exception.
Exclusion of the Proposal is consistent with the purpose of Rule 14a-8(i)(7). As
explained in SEC Release No. 34-40018 (May 21, 1998), the policy underlying Rule
14a-8(i)(7) rests on two central considerations. The first is to "confine the
solution of ordinary business problems to the management and the board of
directors and to place such problems beyond the competence and direction of
stockholders since it is impracticable for stockholders to decide how to solve
such problems at an annual meeting." Some tasks are so fundamental to
management's ability to run a company on a day-to-day basis that they are not
proper subjects for shareholder proposals. The second consideration relates to
the degree to which the proposal seeks to "micro-manage" the company by probing
too deeply into matters of a complex nature upon which shareholders, as a group,
would not be in a position to make an "informed judgment."
Both considerations are of concern in this case. As demonstrated by the
existence and content of Exhibit B, Entergy's Board has already studied,
deliberated, and acted to preempt the risk of board actions being compromised by
private interests. The effect of the Proposal, if adopted, would be to
"micro-manage" Board action in this area by stipulating in advance the recusal
of a director in circumstances that are both narrow and unlikely to occur. This
approach is inconsistent with the course of action previously adopted by the
Company Board, insofar that the existing Ethics Code specifies, "This Code does
not attempt to describe all possible conflicts of interest which could develop."
Exhibit B is a concise, two page document that creates a procedure and
standard-based approach for dealing with potential ethical conflicts. Although
several examples or types of frequently encountered ethical issues are addressed
with specificity, it is evident that the Board elected not to catalog every
conceivable ethical conflict or to unnecessarily limit Board discretion with
respect to particular circumstances.
Like Costco, there are no special circumstances or social policy issues in this
case that might operate to remove the Proposal from the realm of ordinary
business operations. Indeed, the facts of Costco (in which newspaper reports
suggested that company officers might have acted unethically in actual business
dealings) presented a far stronger case for shareholder activism than the
circumstances presented here, in which the Proponent's ultimate concern relates
to future company activity (i.e., deliberation by the board of national health
policies) that is unlikely to ever occur. The purpose of Rule 14a-8(i)(7) is to
leave ordinary business operations in the hands of management. Entergy believes
that, in accordance with the Commission's previous guidance, the Proposal may
properly be excluded from the proxy materials on this ground.
II. The Proposal May Properly Be Excluded under Rule 14a-8(i)(5) Because the
Proposal Is Not Relevant to the Company's Operations or Business
Rule 14a-8(i)(5) permits the exclusion of a proposal that relates to operations
which (i) account for less than 5 percent of the company's total assets at the
end of its most recent fiscal year, (ii) account for less than 5 percent of its
net earnings for the most recent fiscal year, (iii) account for less than 5
percent of its gross sales for its most recent fiscal year, and (iv) is not
otherwise significantly related to the company's business.
The Company is a provider of electricity and natural gas and does not devote
resources to formulating public positions on "public policy issues concerning
health care." Moreover, it does not operate any business that provide health
insurance, health care, or pharmaceutical products or services. Furthermore, the
Proposal stipulates, "This policy would not apply to ordinary business matters,
including the provision of employee benefits." Since the Proposal relates to
operations that account for no part of the Company's operations, whether in
reference to its assets, earnings, or sales, the Proposal fails the financial
benchmarks provided by Rule 14a-8(i)(5).
A proposal may sometimes be considered "significantly related to a company's
business" even if the operations related to the proposal do not exceed the
economic tests. Lovenheim v. Iroquois Brands, Ltd., 618 F. Supp. 554, 558-561
(D.C.D.C., 1985). In particular, a proposal affecting operations with a
significant level of sales but below the bright-line economic thresholds may be
"otherwise significantly related" to the company's business if the proposal has
ethical or social significance. Id. at 561. However, a proposal that is
"ethically significant in the abstract but [has] no meaningful relationship to
the business" may be excluded. Id. For example, in Eli Lilly and Company
(February 2, 2000), the Staff permitted exclusion of a proposal that directed
the board to, among other things, take the socially significant action of
assisting in the exposure of the "heinous act of obtaining human fetuses for
research." The Staff agreed that exclusion under Rule 14a-8(i)(5) was
appropriate since the act of obtaining human fetuses for research had no
relationship to the company's business. Similarly, the Staff concurred with
exclusion of a proposal in Citicorp (January 13, 1995) that would have required
management to examine tobacco-related litigation to determine if Citicorp should
seek compensation for its tobacco-related healthcare costs. Since Citicorp was a
financial services firm, the company argued that it was not in the healthcare or
tobacco businesses and that there was no identifiable nexus other than the
existence of the company's own employee health plans. In concurring with
exclusion, the Staff reply letter remarked, "the staff particularly notes that
the amounts associated with the proposal, to seek reimbursement of healthcare
costs, relate to operations which account for less than the five percent tests
under rule 14a-8(c)(5) and the proposal is not otherwise significantly related
to the Company's business."
As noted above, the Proponent specified that the policy would not apply to
"ordinary business matters" including the provision of employee benefits.
Presumably, this limitation was included in order to make it less likely that
the Proposal would be excluded pursuant to Rule 14a-8(i)(7). As a result of this
limitation, though, there would seem to be no conceivable manner in which this
Proposal will ever be implicated at Entergy. Entergy's board has not ever
engaged, and likely will never engage, in abstract discussions of national
health policy. It occasionally will consider health care policy-related issues
in the context of its determinations regarding benefits for employees, but the
Proposal expressly states that this is not covered. Like the proposals in Eli
Lilly and Citicorp, this Proposal has no meaningful relationship to the
Company's business. Thus, exclusion pursuant to Rule 14a-8(i)(5) should
respectfully be permitted.
III. The Proposal May Properly Be Excluded Under Rule 14a-8(i)(10) as
Substantially Implemented by the Company
Under Rule 14a-8(i)(10), a proposal may be excluded if it has been
"substantially implemented" by a company. The Staff has consistently taken the
position that shareholder proposals have been substantially implemented within
the meaning of Rule 14a-8(i)(10) when the company already has policies,
practices and procedures in place relating to the subject matter of the
proposal, or has implemented the essential objective of the proposal. See, for
example: Cisco Systems, Inc. (August 11, 2003); The Talbots, Inc. (April 5,
2002); and The Gap, Inc. (March 16, 2001).
As discussed in the previous section, the Entergy Board of Directors has already
adopted a code of business conduct and ethics. The Entergy Ethics Code states,
in relevant part:
A director shall not allow his or her private interest to interfere with the
interests of the Company as a whole. A "conflict of interest" occurs when a
director takes actions or has interests that make it difficult to perform his or
her duties as a director objectively and effectively. Conflicts of interest may
also arise when a director, or a member of his or her immediate family, receives
improper personal benefits as a result of his or her position as a director of
the Company. Loans to, or guarantees of the obligations of, a director, or a
member of his or her family, may create conflicts of interest.
Directors must avoid conflicts of interest with the Company. Any action or
interest that creates, or may reasonably be expected to create, a conflict of
interest with the Company must be disclosed immediately by the director to the
Chair of the Corporate Governance Committee. The Corporate Governance Committee
will review and analyze all such disclosures. If the Committee believes that a
conflict of interest exists, the Committee Chair, in coordination with the
Chairman of the Board, shall present this finding to the entire Board for
appropriate action.
The objective of the Proposal is to avoid conflicts of interest by Entergy
directors, and in particular, those with health care affiliations. The Entergy
Ethics Code has already implemented this essential objective by creating
procedures to identify, mitigate, and/or avoid all types and instances of
ethical conflicts, including, but not limited to, those arising from
affiliations with the health care industry.
Neither the Proposal nor its supporting statement provide any evidence or
support for the proposition that the Entergy Ethics Code does not work as
intended. Indeed, though the Proposal presents ample criticism of
post-Government employment rules applicable to United States Representatives as
they existed in 2004, it makes only a passing reference to the operation of the
Entergy Ethics Code. Accordingly, exclusion of the Proposal is proper on the
grounds that the Company has already substantially implemented the Proposal, as
provided for by Rule 14a-8(i)(10).
IV. The Proposal May Properly Be Excluded under Rule 14a-8(i)(3) Because the
Proposal and Supporting Statement, Read Together, Are Inherently Vague
Staff Legal Bulletin No. 14B (September 15, 2004) expressed the Staff's view
that exclusion under Rule 14a-8(i)(3) may be appropriate if the resolution
contained in the proposal is so inherently vague that neither the stockholders
voting on the proposal, nor the company in implementing the proposal (if
adopted) would be able to determine with any reasonable certainty exactly what
actions or measures the proposal requires. The Staff noted that this objection
may be appropriate where the proposal and the supporting statement, when read
together, have this result.
In this case, if the Proposal is adopted, it will be impossible to discern the
actual circumstances in which Directors must be recused from deliberations. The
Proposal states that it would apply to "Board deliberations or decisions related
to public policy issues concerning health care, including proposals for
universal health insurance or similar reforms" and concludes by noting that it
"would not apply to ordinary business matters, including the provision of
employee benefits."
As discussed earlier, the Proponent presumably included this limitation in order
to avoid having the Proposal fall within the "ordinary business operations"
exclusion of Rule 14a-8i(7). The limitation, however, renders the Proposal
meaningless. The only manner in which a proposal of this nature could have
meaning would be if it applied in connection the Board's consideration of
employee benefit matters. Our Board does not engage in abstract deliberations
regarding national health policies. Therefore, it is not at all clear how the
Proposal could apply in Entergy's context or how shareholders would view the
consequences of a "yes" or "no" vote regarding the Proposal. Pursuant to the
guidance by the Staff in the aforementioned Bulletin, exclusion of the Proposal
is therefore warranted under Rule 14a-8(i)(3).
V. The Proposal May Properly Be Excluded under Rule 14a-8(i)(3) Because It
Impermissibly Impugns the Character and Reputation of a Director
Rule 14a-8(i)(3) provides that a shareholder proposal or supporting statement
may be excluded if it is "contrary to any of the Commission's proxy rules,"
including Rule 14a-9's prohibition on materially false and misleading statements
in proxy solicitation materials. Note (b) to Rule 14a-9 states that "misleading"
material includes "[m]aterial which directly or indirectly impugns character,
integrity or personal reputation, or directly or indirectly makes charges
concerning improper, illegal or immoral conduct or associations, without factual
foundation."
Staff Legal Bulletin No. 14B (September 15, 2004) ("the Bulletin") clarified the
Staff's view regarding the application of Rule 14a-8(i)(3) in various
circumstances. Section B.4 of the Bulletin listed several instances in which the
Commission, going forward, would no longer uphold exclusion of language in
shareholder proposals or supporting statements. However, the Bulletin expressly
noted that exclusion or modification of language may still be appropriate with
regard to "statements [that] directly or indirectly impugn character, integrity,
or personal reputation...without factual foundation."
The fifth and sixth paragraphs of the supporting statement to the Proposal
(commencing with "Indeed...") contain opinions of third parties, presented as
fact, that directly impugn the character and integrity of a Company director.
Moreover, the underlying subject matter of the opinions (post-Government
employment rules) has no connection whatsoever to the Proposal and relate
exclusively to events that took place in 2004. Since the opinions have no
bearing on Entergy or the Proposal, one can only speculate at the reasons for
their inclusion. Taking particular note of the irrelevance of the impugning
statements, the Company believes that the Proposal, and at minimum, the fifth
and sixth paragraphs of the supporting statement, may be excluded from the proxy
statement pursuant to Rule 14a-8(i)(3).
Conclusion
Based on the foregoing, I respectfully request your concurrence that the
Proposal may be excluded from Entergy's Annual Meeting proxy materials. If you
have any questions regarding this request or desire additional information,
please contact me at (504) 576-4548.
Very truly yours,
/s/
Edna M. Chism
Assistant General Counsel
Attachments
cc: Mr. George E. Hults, Jr.
[INQUIRY LETTER]
January 22, 2008
Via Electronic Mail and Hand Delivery
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Division of Corporation Finance
Office of Chief Counsel
100 F Street, N.E.
Washington, D.C. 20549
Re: Entergy Corporation - Stockholder Proposal submitted by Mr. George E. Hults,
Jr.
Ladies and Gentlemen:
This letter supplements the no-action request filed on December 20, 2007 (the
"Exclusion Notice"), in which we notified the staff of the Division of
Corporation Finance (the "Staff") that Entergy Corporation ("Entergy" or the
"Company") intends to omit from its proxy statement and form of proxy for its
2008 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (collectively, the "2008 Proxy Materials") a
stockholder proposal (the "Proposal") received from Mr. George E. Hults, Jr.
(the "Proponent").
We address below certain points raised by Mark Brooks, Esq. in a letter dated
January 5, 2008, which we received on January 7, 2008, relating to the Proposal.
As drafted, the Proposal is Irrelevant to the Company and Therefore Excludable
Pursuant to Rule 14a-8(i)(5)
The Proposal expressly states that the policy it advocates "would not apply to
ordinary business matters, including the provision of employee benefits."
Presumably this carve-out was included in an attempt to avoid the application of
Rule 14a-8(i)(7) to the Proposal. Unfortunately for the Proponent, however, the
application of this carve-out renders the Proposal utterly irrelevant to the
Company. The only context in which the Company's Board considers health care
issues is in connection with the "provision of employee benefits." Mr. Brooks
cites from the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K to show the cost to the
company of providing health care. These costs all relate, however, to the
"provision of employee benefits," a subject to which the Proposal, by its own
terms, expressly does not relate. After applying the carve-out, the only
application of the Proposal is to abstract considerations of national health
care policies. As noted in the Exclusion Notice, however, the Entergy Board does
not engage and does not intend to engage in such activities.1
The Proposal May Be Excluded under Rule 14a-8(i)(10)
Mr. Brooks' letter agrees that "it is not essential that a company must have
adopted a proposal in its entirety" to justify exclusion under Rule
14a-8(i)(10). The standard, rather, is that a company must have accomplished the
proposal's "essential objectives." See Cisco Systems, Inc. (August 11, 2003);
The Talbots, Inc. (April 5, 2002); and The Gap, Inc. (March 16, 2001). The
Company code of business conduct and ethics for directors ("Entergy Ethics
Code") is sufficiently robust to accomplish the "essential objectives" of the
Proposal. The procedures are effectively designed to identify and avoid all
types and instances of ethical conflicts, including those relating to health
care. Neither the Proponent nor Mr. Brooks has cited any example in which the
Entergy Ethics Code has not been effective in achieving its purpose.2
The Proposal May Be Excluded under Rule 14a-8(i)(7)
In the case of Federated Department Stores Co. (February 26, 2007), the
proponent requested that the company issue a report "on the implications of
rising health care expenses and how it is positioning itself to address this
public policy issue without compromising the health and productivity of its
workforce." Similar to this Proposal, the Federated Department Stores Co.
proposal included a carve-out for "specific benefit offerings." Despite the
proponent's portrayal of health care as an "important social policy", the Staff
upheld the proposal's exclusion in Federated Department Stores Co. as a matter
of ordinary business operations. The Staff upheld exclusion of this same
proposal in at least three other cases: Target Corp. (February 27, 2007), 3M
(February 20, 2007), and Kohl's (January 8, 2007). Therefore, the different
outcome in Ford Motor Co. (February 28, 2007), which involved the same proposal
and was cited by Mr. Brooks, was apparently due to circumstances unique to that
company.3 As Target Corp., Federated Department Stores Co., 3M, and Kohl's make
clear, the established position of the Staff is that the national discussion
relating to health care costs does not raise an issue that "transcends ordinary
business operations." To the extent that the only possible relevance of the
Proposal to Entergy is in connection with the discussion of employee benefit
issues (health care costs), the Proposal is excludable under Rule 14a-8(i)(7).
Furthermore, to the extent that the Proposal is viewed as relating to the
Company's conflict of interest policies, rather than health care costs, this
also is a matter of ordinary business operations. The effect of the Proposal
would be to request the Company to make a technical change to the Entergy Ethics
Code, precisely the type of "micro-management" that is excludable under Rule
14a-8(i)(7). The Entergy Ethics Code already includes standards and procedures
relating to possible director conflicts of interest. The Proposal would amend
those standards and procedures to provide a specific rule in the context of
matters relating to Board deliberations relating to "public policy issues
concerning health care." As noted in the Exclusion Notice, the Staff has
frequently permitted the exclusion of proposals relating to the terms of an
issuer's code of ethics. See, e.g., Costco Wholesale Corp. (December 11, 2003).
Contrary to Mr. Brooks' suggestion, the Staff has not excepted the ethical
practices of directors in this line of letters. In this regard, the Proposal is
categorically different from the line of cases cited by Mr. Brooks relating to
board composition (e.g., requesting independent directors).
Based on the foregoing and the other arguments included in the Exclusion Notice,
we respectfully request your concurrence that the Proposal may be excluded from
Entergy's Annual Meeting proxy materials. If you have any questions regarding
this request or desire additional information, please contact me at (504)
576-4548.
Very truly yours,
/s/
/s/ Edna Chism
Associate General Counsel
Attachments
cc: Mr. George E. Hults, Jr.
Mark Brooks, Esq.
-----FOOTNOTES-----
1 Reliance on Bangor Hydro-Electric Co. (March 13, 2000) by the Proponent is
inapposite, in that the Bangor Hydro-Electric Co. disclosed a finite (i.e.,
nonzero) level of corporate contributions that was held to be "significant" by
the Staff even though it did not exceed the financial benchmarks of Rule
14a-8(i)(5). In this case, we note that the Entergy Board engages in no national
health care policy discussions (except as they may arise in the context of
employee benefit matters).
2 The letter by Mr. Brooks argued that the absence of any waiver on file for any
director proved that the Company has not implemented the Proposal. On the
contrary, the absence of such a waiver is attributable to the utter irrelevance
of the Proposal to Entergy.
3 Mr. Brooks actually cited Ford Motor Co. (March 1, 2007), but that case
related to a shareholder proposal requesting that the company prepare a report
explaining how the company would respond to the California Global Warming
Solutions Act of 2006. We proceed on the assumption that Mr. Brooks intended to
cite Ford Motor Co. (February 28, 2007).
[APPENDIX]
Shareholder Proposal
Resolved: that the shareholders of Entergy request the Board of Directors to
adopt a policy requiring the recusal of directors with health industry
affiliations from any Board deliberations or decisions related to public policy
issues concerning health care, including proposals for universal health
insurance or similar reforms.
For purposes of this proposal, "directors with health industry affiliations"
means any Board member who is also a director, executive officer, or former
executive of a company or trade association whose primary business is the health
insurance, health care, or pharmaceutical industry. This policy would not apply
to ordinary business matters, including the provision of employee benefits.
Supporting Statement
Access to affordable, comprehensive health care has clearly become one of the
most important social policy issues facing our country today.
From a shareholder and business perspective, rapidly increasing health costs
represent a significant burden for U.S. companies. The president of the Business
Roundtable - which represents 160 of the country's largest companies - recently
stated that 52% of his organization's members describe health costs as their
biggest economic challenge. (BusinessWeek, 7/3/2007.)
I believe our Board of Directors should adopt public positions on this crucial
issue, but I am concerned that the Company's existing director independence
policies do not adequately address the potential conflicts posed by the
financial and professional interests of directors with health industry
affiliations.
For example, Entergy director Billy Tauzin is the CEO of Pharmaceutical Research
and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), the leading trade organization for the
drug industry. He is also a member of two key Board committees - the Corporate
Governance and Personnel Committees - with significant influence over Entergy's
policy decisions. In my view. Mr. Tauzin's position with PhRMA represents a
clear conflict of interest in any development of health care policies by our
Board.
Indeed, Mr. Tauzin's ties to the pharmaceutical industry became the focus of
significant public controversy during his last year as a U.S. Congressman, after
reports surfaced in January 2004 that he was negotiating for the PhRMA position
while he was still Chairman of the congressional committee with oversight
responsibility for the industry. A Wall Street Journal editorial described the
ensuing controversy as "one of the most unseemly special-interest spectacles
that Washington ... has witnessed in a while." (Wall Street Journal, 2/10/2004.)
Although Rep. Touzin stepped down as Chairman of the House Commerce Committee in
February 2004, public controversy continued when he announced in December that
he would indeed assume the top PhRMA position immediately after his retirement
from Congress at the end of the year. One newspaper asserted that this job swap
was "perfectly legal and spectacularly ugly." (The Tennessean, 12/24/2004.)
I believe our Board of Directors should ensure that Entergy will avoid any
similar public controversy, or even the appearance of a conflict of interest, by
adopting a policy clearly requiring the recusal of any director with health care
affiliations from Board deliberations on this important issue. I urge
shareholders to vote for this resolution.
[INQUIRY LETTER]
January 5, 2008
Via Electronic Mail & UPS Overnight Delivery
Office of the Chief Counsel
Division of Corporation Finance
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
100 F Street, N.E.
Washington, DC 20549
Re: Entergy Corporation - Stockholder Proposal by Mr. George E. Hults, Jr.
Ladies and Gentlemen:
I am writing on behalf of Mr. George E. Hults, Jr., the shareholder proponent in
the above matter, in response to the December 20, 2007, request by Entergy Corp.
(the "Company") for a no-action determination concerning Mr. Hults' proposal
(the "Proposal"). As summarized below, the Company has failed to meet its burden
of demonstrating that it may omit the Proposal from its proxy statement under
Rule 14a-8, and its no-action request therefore should be denied.
I. Introduction
Mr. Hults' proposal is straightforward: it requests that the Company's board of
directors "adopt a policy requiring the recusal of directors with health
industry affiliations from any Board deliberations or decisions related to
public policy issues concerning health care, including proposals for universal
health insurance or similar reforms." The Proposal specifies that "directors
with health industry affiliations" would include any Board member "who is also a
director, executive officer, or former executive of a company or trade
association whose primary business is the health insurance, health care, or
pharmaceutical industry."
The Proposal further provides that it would not apply to ordinary business
matters - such as the provision of employee benefits - but instead focuses on
potential conflicts of interest among Entergy directors in deliberations over
the important social policy issue of health care.
Thus, the Proposal does not involve "ordinary business operations," as Entergy
argues. Most fundamentally, Entergy's position ignores that the Proposal relates
solely to a standard for evaluating potential conflicts of interest for
directors - the shareholders' elected representatives - as opposed to a routine
ethics policy for management or other corporate employees. As such, the Proposal
involves a corporate governance matter that is peculiarly suited for
consideration by the shareholders.
In addition, the Proposal in no way is vague, misleading, or irrelevant to the
Company's business, as Entergy claims, and moreover clearly has not been
substantially implemented. Entergy therefore has failed to meet its burden of
establishing that it may omit the Proposal.
II. The Proposal does not involve ordinary business under Rule 14a-8(i)(7)
As noted, Mr. Hults' proposal is a non-binding resolution urging the Board of
Directors to adopt a standard to avoid conflicts of interest among directors in
consideration of healthcare policy issues. As such, the Proposal cannot be
excluded as an "ordinary business" matter.
A. Health care is an important social policy issue that transcends "ordinary
business" considerations
As an initial matter, it must be noted that healthcare reform has become the
most important public policy issue facing the country today. Public opinion
polls by the Wall Street Journal/NBC News, New York Times, and BusinessWeek have
all documented its significance. A Pew Research Center poll published by
BusinessWeek in February 2007 reported that health care has surpassed the
economy, unemployment, and terrorism as the top domestic concern.1
The rapidly escalating cost of health care has also become a critical policy
issue for U.S. corporations. As the president of the Business Roundtable
recently observed, "the cost of health care has put a tremendous weight on the
U.S. economy." Fifty-two percent of Business Roundtable members identify health
costs as their biggest economic challenge.2
Reflecting these concerns, the Staff has rejected claims that proposals focusing
on health care as a social policy may be excluded as ordinary business under
Rule 14a-8(i)(7).3
B. Proposals concerning conflicts of interest standards for corporate directors
- as opposed to managers and other employees - are also beyond the scope of the
"ordinary business" exclusion
Specifically regarding Mr. Hults' proposal, Entergy cannot credibly claim that a
resolution addressing conflicts of interest for the Company's directors in
deliberations on the nation's most important social policy issue is an ordinary
business matter. The SEC Staff and state courts have long recognized that
policies governing the qualifications and responsibilities of directors, as
opposed to employees, are peculiarly matters of vital concern to shareholders.
Indeed, policies governing potential conflicts of interest for corporate
directors are not a function of management at all, but one for the board of
directors. Since the directors are the shareholders' elected representatives, it
is entirely appropriate for shareholders to evaluate proposals dealing with this
fundamental corporate governance issue.
For this reason, the Staff has routinely rejected no-action requests claiming
that shareholder resolutions dealing with director independence standards may be
excluded as ordinary business. In Commerce Bancorp,4 for example, Staff rejected
a request on ordinary business grounds to omit a proposal that the compensation
committee be composed entirely of independent directors. The Staff has reached
the same conclusion in many similar cases.5
This factor clearly distinguishes Mr. Hults' resolution from the various
no-action cases cited by Entergy - each of which dealt broadly with codes of
corporate conduct for management and other corporate employees. Indeed, this is
the central flaw in Entergy's argument.
In Transamerica Corp.,6 for example, the Staff's opinion letter specifically
noted that the proposal could be excluded on ordinary business grounds because
it dealt with "employee, shareholder and customer relations, and the evaluation
of management conduct." Each of the other cases Entergy cites also dealt with
resolutions that broadly proposed corporate codes of conduct applicable to
management or other employees.7
Mr. Hults' resolution, by contrast, deals exclusively with potential conflicts
of interest of the directors. As noted above, director conflict policies involve
a corporate governance matter that is an especially vital concern for
shareholders. Shareholder proposals that deal exclusively with director
independence and conflict of interest standards are necessarily outside the
scope of the "ordinary business" exclusion.
C. SEC policies underlying the "ordinary business" exclusion do not support
Entergy's argument
In its 1976 Release dealing with this subject, the Commission emphasized that
the ordinary business exclusion only restricts those "proposals that deal with
truly `ordinary' business matters ... that are mundane in nature and do not
involve any substantial policy or other considerations....'" 8
In its 1998 Release, the Commission further clarified that two considerations
are central to this exclusion. The first relates to the subject matter of the
resolution, specifically that "certain tasks are so fundamental to management's
ability to run a company on a day-to-day basis that they could not, as a
practical matter, be subject to direct shareholder oversight." 9 The release
cited as examples the hiring, promotion, and termination of employees, decisions
on production quality, or the retention of suppliers.
The second consideration "relates to the degree to which the proposal seeks to
`micro-manage' the company by probing too deeply into matters of a complex
nature upon which shareholders, as a group, would not be in a position to make
an informed judgment." Entergy erroneously argues that both considerations
support exclusion of Mr. Hults' proposal.
Most fundamentally, director independence standards involve a matter of
corporate governance that is vitally important to shareholders. This can hardly
be equated with "mundane" matters relegated to management, such as hiring or
terminating employees or retaining suppliers.
Even if this were such a matter, moreover, both SEC Releases make clear that the
exclusion does not apply where the proposal deals with "significant social
policy issues" that "transcend the day-to-day business matters." As summarized
above, rapidly escalating healthcare costs and proposals for healthcare reform
have become among the most pressing social policy issues facing the nation and
U.S. businesses today.
Indeed, the problem of conflicts of interest among corporate directors on
healthcare policy - the specific subject of Mr. Hults' resolution - has itself
become a significant social policy issue. As reported in the New York Times, for
example, the AFL-CIO recently released a survey identifying 21 major
non-healthcare corporations that have board members who are also executives or
directors of drug or health insurance companies. Since all of these companies -
like Entergy - incur major healthcare expenditures, these directors pose a
concern that their health industry interests "might lead the big employers to
make decisions favorable to the interests of pharmaceutical and health insurance
companies." 10
As summarized in Mr. Hults' supporting statement, the presence of the CEO of the
leading pharmaceutical trade association on Entergy's board of directors raises
similar concerns. A proposal urging a policy to exclude directors with
significant health industry affiliations from Board deliberations on healthcare
policy therefore raises an important social policy issue that clearly transcends
ordinary business matters.11
Similarly, Entergy's argument that the Proposal would "micro-manage" the Company
is unpersuasive. As noted, Mr. Hults' proposal merely requests the Board of
Directors to adopt a policy requiring the recusal of directors with health
industry affiliations from any Board deliberations on healthcare policy issues.
For clarification - and to avoid claims by Entergy that the Proposal might be
vague or indefinite - the Proposal also specifically defines "directors with
health industry affiliations."
This hardly represents an attempt to "micro-manage" Company policy on director
conflicts of interest, as suggested by Entergy. As the 1998 SEC Release makes
clear, this prong of the ordinary business exclusion generally applies only to
proposals involving "intricate detail," or seeking "to impose specific
time-frames or methods for implementing complex policies." 12 In addition,
shareholders as a group are certainly in a position to make an informed judgment
on the conflict of interest policies they prefer that their elected
representatives observe.
III. The Proposal is clearly relevant to the Company's business and therefore
may not be excluded under Rule 14a-8(i)(5)
Entergy erroneously argues that the Proposal may be excluded as not relevant to
the Company's operations under Rule 14a-8(i)(5).
This exclusion does not apply to a corporate governance proposal such as this
one, however, since such matters are inherently "significantly related to the
company's business," as provided in the Rule. Even if the economic tests stated
in this exclusion applied to the Proposal, moreover, those tests are clearly met
in this case in light of the enormous costs Entergy incurs every year for
employee and retiree health care.
A. This corporate governance resolution is "significantly related to the
company's business," and therefore may not be excluded
The text of the Rule itself makes clear that this exclusion is available only if
the issuer can establish that all of the elements specified in the Rule apply.
Thus, even if a company can show that a proposal relates to operations that fall
below the thresholds established under all three of the economic tests, the
company nevertheless must also show that the proposal is not "otherwise
significantly related to the company's business" before it may be excluded.
For this reason, corporate governance standards especially are beyond the reach
of the "economic relevance" exclusion. The Commission made this clear in its
1983 Release:
"Paragraph (c)(5) relates to proposals concerning the functioning of the
economic business of an issuer and not to such matters as shareholder's rights,
e.g., cumulative voting." 13
The Commission's 1982 Proposing Release and the 1976 Release are even more
explicit on this point:
"Proposals dealing with cumulative voting rights or the ratification of auditors
in a sense might not be economically significant to an issuer's business but
they nevertheless have a significance to security holders that would preclude
their being omitted under this provision. And proposals relating to ethical
issues such as political contributions also may be significant to the issuer's
business when viewed from a standpoint other than a purely economic one." 14
For this reason, the Staff has rejected issuer attempts to exclude corporate
governance proposals under Rule 14a-8(i)(5).15
In this case, Mr. Hults' proposal relates to director independence standards to
be applied to Board deliberations over healthcare policy - a corporate
governance issue that is beyond the scope of the "economic relevance" exclusion.
In addition, the escalating cost of health care, proposals for healthcare
reform, and potential conflicts of interest posed by directors with health
industry affiliations are all significant public policy issues.
Thus, the Proposal is "otherwise significantly related to the company's
business," and therefore may not be excluded on these grounds.
B. In any event, the Proposal clearly meets the economic tests of Rule
14a-8(i)(5) in light of the Company's significant healthcare expenditures
Even if the economic tests specified in Rule 14a-8(i)(5) applied in this case,
moreover, the enormous financial stake Entergy has in healthcare policy easily
meets those tests.
In this respect, Entergy erroneously argues that because the Proposal excludes
ordinary business matters such as the provision of employee benefits, the
Company's considerable healthcare costs are irrelevant to the Proposal. What
Entergy overlooks is that, like other U.S. companies that provide employee
health insurance, the Company has a huge stake in the outcome of the ongoing
policy debate over rising healthcare costs and national reform proposals.
Indeed, Entergy admits in its SEC reports that federal legislation dealing with
these issues and overall healthcare cost trends directly impact its bottom-line.
For example, in its most recent 10K, Entergy reported that a single piece of
legislation - the Medicare prescription drug benefit enacted by Congress in 2003
- reduced the Company's postretirement benefit costs by $29.3 million in 2006.
This legislation also reduced Entergy's overall accumulated postretirement
benefit obligation ("APBO") that year by $183 million.16
In addition, Entergy estimates that a one percentage point increase in its
assumed healthcare cost trend rate would have increased its APBO in 2006 by $103
million, and that a one percentage decrease would have reduced APBO by $92
million.17 Changes in cost trends obviously would have similar effects on
healthcare costs for active employees.
Thus, it cannot be disputed that Entergy has a substantial economic stake in
national healthcare policy issues. The magnitude of Entergy's healthcare costs,
moreover, easily exceed the economic tests specified in Rule 14a-8(i)(5).
Although Entergy does not separately disclose total healthcare costs for active
employees, the Company's reported costs for postretirement benefits provides an
indication of the size of its healthcare expenditures. For example, the
Company's accumulated postretirement benefit obligation in 2006 was more than $1
billion. This amounted to 90% of its net income that year, and nearly 10% of
total revenues.18
In addition, Entergy reports that its total postretirement healthcare and life
insurance benefit costs during 2006 were $90 million.19 The Company's healthcare
costs for active employees are even greater.
According to data released by Entergy to employees at its Pilgrim nuclear plant
in Massachusetts (where Mr. Hults works), Entergy paid $13,240 for medical,
dental, and vision benefits for each employee at Pilgrim during 2006. Based on
the 13,679 total full-time employees the Company reported in its most recent
10K, Entergy incurred an estimated $181 million in healthcare expenses for
active employees that year.
Combining this amount with Entergy's reported expenditures for retirees, the
Company incurred an estimated $271 million in healthcare expenses during 2006.
This amounted to nearly 24% of its net earnings.
By these measures, Entergy has clearly failed to meet its burden of showing the
Proposal may be excluded under Rule 14a-8(i)(5).
IV. The Proposal has not been substantially implemented within the meaning of
Rule 14a-8(i)(10)
Entergy's argument that the Proposal has been "substantially implemented" by
adoption of its Code of Conduct and Ethics for the Board of Directors is also
misplaced.
Although it is not essential that a company must have adopted a proposal in its
entirety to exclude it on this basis, the Rule requires "substantial"
implementation. In this case, Entergy clearly has not implemented the Proposal
in any meaningful way.
Staff determinations have generally required that issuers seeking to omit on
this basis shareholder proposals dealing with corporate governance matters must
establish that some specific corporate action closely tracks the actions that
would be required by the proposal. This is especially true in the case of
proposals dealing with board eligibility and director independence standards.
In General Motors Corp.,20 for example, the proposal urged that key board
committees should be comprised exclusively of independent directors. GM argued
that its bylaws already required that these committees would include only
independent directors, and moreover that its definition of "independence" was
very similar to the one urged by the proposal. Staff denied the no-action
request, presumably based on variations in the two definitions.
The Staff denied a similar request in Quality Systems, Inc.,21 which also
involved a shareholder proposal dealing with director independence standards. In
addition, the Staff has rejected requests for no-action letters in numerous
cases involving proposals urging the adoption of human rights or workplace
standards, based on minor variations between the proposals and the various codes
of conduct previously adopted by the issuers.22
In this case, Entergy's Code of Conduct for directors falls far short of
"substantially implementing" the Proposal for numerous reasons:
Absence of any provision for healthcare conflicts. Most fundamentally, the
Company's code does not deal at all with the specific subject of the Proposal,
namely the conflicts posed by Entergy directors with health industry
affiliations. In general, the Company's code deals with the sorts of routine
conflicts that are common to such policies, such as improper personal benefits,
gifts, loans, or other compensation from third parties.
The Proposal, by contrast, urges that the Board adopt a specific policy dealing
with the important social policy issue of healthcare conflicts of interest for
Entergy directors, and further recommends an explicit definition of directors
with health industry affiliations.
No clear recusal requirement. In addition, the Company's code does not require
that the Board must recuse any director with health industry affiliations from
health policy deliberations, in stark contrast to the Proposal. Instead, the
Company's code adopts a self-policing mechanism, providing merely that "the
director shall not allow" his or her private interests to interfere with the
Company's interests. The code also assumes that a director who believes he or
she has a conflict will report it to the Corporate Governance Committee, which
may refer the matter to the entire Board for unspecified "appropriate action."
In contrast, Mr. Hults' proposal places the onus on the Board to ensure that any
director with health industry affiliations must be recused from deliberations on
health policy. The Proposal also requires a specific result - namely the recusal
of the director - in contrast to Entergy's code, which suggests merely that the
Board may take "appropriate action."
Waiver of director conflicts. Entergy's code, moreover, establishes a procedure
for the Board of Directors to waive the Company's conflict of interest rules.
(See Entergy Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, 7.) The Proposal, by
contrast, provides no waiver or other exception of any kind to its proposed
recusal of directors with healthcare conflicts.
Significantly, Entergy has disclosed no waiver for director Billy Tauzin from
healthcare policy deliberations.23 Mr. Tauzin, the CEO of the nation's top
pharmaceutical trade group and a director of a Louisiana-based healthcare
company, would clearly have a conflict of interest under Mr. Hults' proposal.
Since Entergy has adopted no waiver for Mr. Tauzin under its existing Code of
Conduct, the Company cannot claim to have implemented the Proposal.
V. The Proposal may not be excluded as inherently vague under Rule 14a-8(i)(3)
The Company also erroneously claims that the Proposal and the supporting
statement, when read together, are "inherently vague" and may be excluded under
Rule 14a-8(i)(3). This argument relies on a wholly misleading interpretation of
the effect of the Proposal.
A casual reading reveals that both the Proposal and its supporting statement
recommend a straightforward policy that directors with health industry
affiliations should be recused from Board deliberations on healthcare policy
issues. There is no reason to suggest that either the shareholders voting on the
policy or the Company in implementing it will be unable to understand what the
Proposal recommends.24
Entergy's argument relies on a misleading claim that, by excluding ordinary
business matters such as the provision of employee benefits from the scope of
the resolution, the Proposal is "rendered meaningless." This is so, Entergy
claims, because the only circumstance in which the Proposal might apply would be
"in connection with the Board's consideration of employee benefit matters."
Nothing could be further from the truth.
The escalating cost of health care has become a social policy issue of paramount
concern to U.S. corporations. Entergy spends enormous sums every year for
healthcare expenses for both active employees and retirees. Indeed, as noted
above, the Company has acknowledged that both healthcare cost trends and
national legislation dealing with healthcare issues directly impact its
bottom-line. Entergy and its shareholders therefore clearly have a stake in the
ongoing national debate over healthcare costs and national healthcare reform
proposals.
As the supporting statement makes clear, Mr. Hults urges Entergy's board to
adopt a policy on this vital issue. He is concerned, however, that any policy
adopted by the Board should be considered solely in terms of the best interests
of the Company and its shareholders, without any influence from the outside
interests of directors with ties to the health industry.
Entergy is also plainly wrong, moreover, when it claims that the Board of
Directors "does not engage in abstract deliberations" over policy issues, such
as national health policy. For example, the Company's 2006 Sustainability Report
- prominently featured on Entergy's web site - provides that the Company
"aspires to break the cycle of poverty for our customers and contribute to a
society that is healthy, educated, and productive." The report further states
that Entergy "strives to contribute to the eradication of poverty in our utility
service territories." 25
Similarly, the Company's Environmental Vision Statement, adopted by the Board of
Directors in 2002, commits Entergy to "develop and conduct our business in a
responsible manner that is environmentally, socially and economically
sustainable." The Company's annual report to shareholders reports similar
corporate aspirations.26
These are laudable corporate goals that presumably have been duly considered by
the Board of Directors. The fact that the Board might not have adopted a more
specific position on healthcare policy does not mean that it will never do so.
Indeed, shareholders should fairly expect the Board to adopt such policies, in
light of the Company's related corporate aspirations and the financial stake
Entergy and its shareholders have in this issue.
Thus, the unambiguous purpose of the Proposal is to urge that Board
deliberations on healthcare policy should be free of the potentially improper
influence of directors with health industry affiliations. There is nothing vague
or indefinite about the Proposal, and Entergy has failed to meet its burden of
demonstrating that it may be omitted under Rule 14a-8(i)(3).
VI. The supporting statement does not impugn the integrity of any Entergy
director, and therefore is not false or misleading under Rule 14a-8(i)(3)
The Company also asserts that two paragraphs in the supporting statement
concerning Entergy director and former Louisiana Congressman Billy Tauzin are
"false and misleading" under Rule 14a-9, and therefore may be omitted under Rule
14a-8(i)(3). Entergy fails, however, to point to a single passage that is either
false or misleading. In this respect, the Company completely overlooks SEC
policy that a shareholder proposal or supporting statement that it is alleged to
"directly or indirectly impugn character, integrity, or personal reputation" of
a director may be excluded on that basis only if it does so "without factual
foundation." 27
Thus, it is beyond dispute that Representative Tauzin's ties to the
pharmaceutical industry "became the focus of significant public controversy
during his last year as a U.S. Congressman," as the supporting statement
relates. This is because Rep. Tauzin admitted that he had conducted negotiations
with the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers Association of America
(PhRMA) for that organization's top job while he was still the Chairman of the
House committee with oversight over the pharmaceutical industry.28
It is also a fact that this controversy continued unabated when Rep. Tauzin
announced in December 2004 that he would indeed retire from Congress and would
immediately assume the top position at PhRMA. News media across the country
reported these facts.29 In addition, numerous newspaper editorials - in Rep.
Tauzin's home district, throughout the country, and across the political
spectrum - roundly condemned the obvious conflict of interest.30
These facts, moreover, are clearly germane to Mr. Hults' proposal. As the
supporting statement also points out, it is in the best interests of both the
Company and its shareholders to avoid any similar public controversy, or indeed
even the appearance of a conflict of interest in deliberations by the Board of
Directors.
Public controversy, such as the one that has already enveloped one Entergy
director over healthcare conflicts of interest, can significantly affect a
Company's reputation,31 and may also negatively impact shareholder value. The
two paragraphs concerning the controversy over Rep. Tauzin's ties to PhRMA are
therefore entirely appropriate arguments that highlight the desirability of
adopting Mr. Hults' proposal.
The public controversy prompted by Rep. Tauzin's ties to the pharmaceutical
industry is of particular concern to Entergy shareholders, moreover, because of
his membership on two Board committees with significant influence over
healthcare policy issues. In particular, Mr. Tauzin is a member of the Corporate
Governance Committee, which specifically includes in its charter the
responsibility to "review and counsel management concerning governmental,
regulatory and public relations matters." 32
The Company's objections are precisely the kinds of arguments that Staff has
made clear are inappropriate for no-action requests under Rule 14a-8(i)(3). At
best, Entergy objects to assertions that are neither false nor misleading, but
might be interpreted by shareholders in a manner unfavorable to the Company, or
that could be countered or disputed with other facts.33
As Staff Legal Bulletin No. 14B emphasizes, however, these are the sorts of
arguments that Entergy could appropriately include in a statement in opposition
to the Proposal in the proxy. The Company's claims, however, provide no basis
for requiring that fair arguments made by a proponent in support of his proposal
may be omitted from the proxy altogether.
Thus, Entergy has failed to meet its burden of "demonstrating objectively that
the proposal or statement is materially false or misleading," as is required to
exclude or modify a supporting statement on these grounds.34
VII. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Staff should decline the Company's request for a
no-action determination in this matter. Please let me know if you require
additional information concerning Mr. Hults' position.
Sincerely,
/s/
Mark Brooks
cc (w/enc): George E. Hults, Jr.
Edna M. Chism, Assistant General Counsel, Entergy Corp.
-----FOOTNOTES-----
1 "Health care reform is in the air," BusinessWeek, Feb. 5, 2007. The poll
reported, for example, that 68% of Americans believe reducing healthcare costs
should be the most important priority for the President and Congress.
2 "One CEO's healthcare crusade," BusinessWeek, July 3, 2007.
3 Ford Motor Co. (available March 1, 2007).
4 Commerce Bancorp, Inc. (available March 15, 2002).
5 See, e.g., Murphy Oil Corp. (March 10, 2002) (independence standards for
directors and compensation committee); Quality Systems, Inc. (June 9, 1999)
(independent board of directors); and Philip Morris Companies, Inc. (Jan. 30,
1997) (independence standards for compensation committee).
6 Transamerica Corp. (available Jan. 22, 1986).
7 For example, Costo Wholesale Corp. (Dec. 11, 2003) and USX Corp. (Dec. 28,
1995) both proposed broad codes of corporate ethics applicable to all of those
companies' employees. In Sizeler Property Investors, Inc. (Feb. 7, 1997), the
proposal recommended a change in the company's management structure and
elimination of all possible conflicts of interest. The Staff's opinion letter
noted the proposal dealt with "procedures and policies for awarding contracts
and management of costs."
Entergy's reliance on Niagara Mohawk Power (Feb. 3, 1997) is confusing, since
that case involved a proposal concerning officer signatures on the annual
report. Entergy presumably intended to cite the earlier decision in Niagara
Mohawk Power (Feb. 22, 1996). Even so, that resolution proposed a broad policy
"for the removal of all conflicts of interests, actual or in appearance." The
Staff specifically noted the proposal dealt with "policies with respect to
employees' ability to serve on boards of outside organizations or hold outside
employment."
None of these cases involved a conflicts of interest proposal that would apply
exclusively to corporate directors.
8 SEC Release No. 34-12999 (Nov. 22, 1976) (emphasis supplied).
9 SEC Release No. 34-40018 (May 21, 1998).
10 "Union says GM health plan misses drug savings," New York Times (Oct. 5,
2007).
11 Since Entergy incurs significant expenses every year for employee and retiree
health care - and therefore clearly has an important stake in the outcome of
national healthcare policy - the Company is plainly wrong when it claims that
the Proposal would apply only "to very narrow (and unlikely) circumstances."
This erroneous Company argument is discussed in more detail in Parts III and V
below.
12 SEC Release No. 34-40018 (May 21, 1998).
13 SEC Release No. 34-20091 (Aug. 16, 1983) (emphasis supplied).
14 SEC Release No. 34-19135 (Oct. 26, 1982) [quoting SEC Release No. 34-12999
(Nov. 22, 1976)].
15 See, e.g., Bangor Hydro-Electric Co. (available March 13, 2000) (corporate
political contributions).
16 Entergy Form 10K, filed March 1, 2007, page 140.
17 Entergy Form 10K, filed March 1, 2007, page 139.
18 Entergy Form 10K, page 132.
19 Entergy Form 10K, page 44.
20 General Motors Corp. (available April 10, 2000).
21 Quality Systems, Inc. (available June 9, 1999).
22 See, e.g., ExxonMobil Corp. (available March 23, 2000); Oracle Corp.
(available Aug. 15, 2000); and Nordstrom, Inc. (available March 31, 2000).
23 The Company publishes any such waivers on its web site, and the only waiver
reported involves director Maureen Bateman. See
http://www.entergy.com/content/investor_relations/ pdfs/BoardWaiverDisclosureFINAL.pdf.
24 See Staff Legal Bulletin 14B (Sept. 15, 2004).
25 Available at
http://www.entergy.com/content/our_community/pdfs/ sustainability_report_06.pdf.
26 See Entergy 2006 Annual Report, at page 8, available at
http://www.entergy.com/content/investor_relations /html/2006_ar/aspire_fin_soc.html.
27 See Staff Legal Bulletin 14B (Sept. 15, 2004).
28 "Tauzin halts job talks with drug group," Times-Picayune (New Orleans) (Feb.
27, 2004) (citing statement released by Rep. Tauzin spokesman). See also "Tauzin
drops talks for lobbying job, cites ethics flap," The (Baton Rouge) Advocate
(Feb. 27, 2004); "Tauzin's lobbyist bid ends," Los Angeles Times (Feb. 27,
2004); "Tauzin puts end to job negotiations," Associated Press (Feb. 27, 2004).
29 For a small sampling of the newspaper articles reporting the Tauzin
controversy, see "Tauzin switches sides from drug overseer to lobbyist," USA
Today (Dec. 15, 2004); "La. lawmaker in ethics storm," The Philadelphia Inquirer
(Feb. 8, 2004); "Lawmaker's plans to lobby raises issue of crossing line," New
York Times (Feb. 7, 2004); "Tauzin resigning Energy position," Times-Picayune
(Feb. 4, 2004); "Tauzin's job stirs ethics debate," The (Baton Rouge) Advocate
(Dec. 19, 2004); "House's author of drug benefit joins lobbyists," New York
Times (Dec. 16, 2004); "Tauzin to head drug lobby," Times-Picayune (Dec. 16,
2004); and "Tauzin is named top lobbyist for pharmaceuticals industry," Wall
Street Journal (Dec. 16, 2004).
30 "Tauzin faces leaving marred image behind," Daily Advertiser (Lafayette, La.)
(Feb. 11, 2004); "Tauzin job choice an embarrassment," The (Shreveport) Times
(Dec. 20, 2004); "Tauzin's career choice too cozy," The (Shreveport) Times (Feb.
5, 2004); "As term ends, Tauzin dodges spotlight," Times-Picayune (Feb. 19,
2004); "Lobbyist offer makes jaws drop," Los Angeles Times (Feb. 9, 2004);
"Lawmaker cashes in on Capitol Hill clout," San Antonio Express-News (Feb. 9,
2004); "Washington will be better off with Rep. Tauzin gone from power," Orlando
Sentinel (Feb. 6, 2004); "Tauzin's move shows contempt for public interest," The
Miami Herald (Dec. 20, 2004); "The K Street Shuffle," St. Louis Post-Dispatch
(Feb. 15, 2004); "Billy Tauzin - Capitol Hill's million dollar man," Lewiston
(Idaho) Morning Tribune (Dec. 27, 2004); "Public Service?" U.S. News & World
Report (Feb. 16, 2004); "Billy Tauzin's windfall," The Providence Journal (Feb.
14, 2004); "Selfless lawmakers may be tarnished by Tauzin action," Wall Street
Journal (Feb. 10, 2004); "Rep. Tauzin's reward," Press & Sun-Bulletin
(Binghamton, N.Y.) (Feb. 5, 2004); "Medicare Part D - the product of a broken
process," New England Journal of Medicine (June 1, 2006); "The glint of the
revolving door," New York Times (Feb. 5, 2004); "Cheers to health, one man's
wealth," The Kansas City Star (Dec. 26, 2004); "D.C.'s revolving door swings
wide for Tauzin," The (Nashville) Tennessean (Dec. 24, 2004); "Hiring
well-connected ex-congressman won't re-establish trust," Houston Chronicle (Dec.
21, 2004); "Revolving Door," The Columbus Dispatch (Feb. 12, 2004); "Insider's
drug benefit," Palm Beach Post (Dec. 18, 2004); "The eternally swinging door,"
UPI (Dec. 16, 2004); "Washington's revolving door," The Oregonian (Feb. 17,
2004); "Washington's revolving door," The Ledger (Lakeland, Fla.) (Dec. 20,
2004).
31 This is apparent, for example, by the prominent New York Times article that
highlighted the potential conflicts of interest of two GM directors with health
industry affiliations. "Union says GM health plan misses drug savings," New York
Times (Oct. 5, 2007). By contrast, the sheer number of negative media reports
concerning Rep. Tauzin's healthcare conflicts of interest has been far higher -
a matter of legitimate concern to Entergy shareholders.
32 Mr. Tauzin is also a member of the Personnel Committee, which includes in its
responsibilities the authority to administer all "employee benefit plans,
programs and arrangements."
33 Staff Legal Bulletin No. 14B (Sept. 15, 2004).
34 See Staff Legal Bulletin 14B (emphasis in original). In the event Staff
concurs with the Company that any passage in the supporting statement is
materially misleading, however, Mr. Hults has no objection to modifying the
statement accordingly.
[INQUIRY LETTER]
January 30, 2008
Via Electronic Mail & UPS Overnight Delivery
Office of the Chief Counsel
Division of Corporation Finance
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
100 F Street, N.E.
Washington, DC 20549
Re: Entergy Corporation - Stockholder Proposal by Mr. George E. Hults, Jr.
Ladies and Gentlemen:
I am writing on behalf of Mr. George Hults, the shareholder proponent in this
matter, in response to certain arguments raised in the supplemental letter filed
by Entergy Corp. on January 22, 2008. The additional arguments raised by Entergy
are without merit, and its no-action request therefore should be declined.
There is no basis to exclude the Proposal as "economically irrelevant" under
Rule 14a-8(i)(5)
The Company continues to press its misplaced claim that the Proposal may be
excluded as economically "irrelevant" to Entergy's business under Rule
14a-8(i)(5). The short answer to this argument is that the SEC has made clear in
three different releases that this exclusion does not apply to corporate
governance proposals such as the one involved here. As the Commission stated in
its 1983 Release:
"Paragraph (c)(5) relates to proposals concerning the functioning of the
economic business of an issuer and not to such matters as shareholder's rights,
e.g., cumulative voting." 1
The 1982 Proposing Release and the 1976 Release also make this explicitly
clear.2
As summarized in Mr. Hults' earlier correspondence, the Proposal urges the
Company's board of directors to adopt a policy requiring the recusal of
directors with health industry affiliations from deliberations over healthcare
policy matters. The Proposal also urges a specific definition for "directors
with health industry affiliations," and therefore the circumstances under which
such directors would be required to be recused. The Proposal therefore clearly
deals with a corporate governance matter that is beyond the scope of the
"economic irrelevance" exclusion.
The Company also reiterates its misplaced argument that the Proposal is
irrelevant to the Company's business because the Proposal by its terms "would
not apply to ordinary business matters, including the provision of employee
benefits." The Company's position ignores the critical distinction between Board
discussions involving overall healthcare policy matters, as opposed to more
routine matters, such as the various details of employee health benefit plans.
The obvious import of the Proposal is to urge recusal of any directors with
health industry affiliations from Board deliberations or decisions over
healthcare policy issues. As summarized in Mr. Hults' previous letter, both the
Company and its shareholders have an enormous financial interest in such
matters.
The Proposal is not concerned, however, with Board discussions involving routine
employee benefit matters, such as particular insurance carriers or the specific
kinds or levels of benefits the Company might offer under its healthcare plans.
It is in this sense that the Proposal is not involved in the minutia concerning
the "provision of employee benefits."
The Company's claim that its Board "does not intend" to engage in deliberations
over healthcare policy is also beside the point. Mr. Hults' supporting statement
urges that the Board should adopt positions on this vital public policy issue -
as numerous other U.S. companies have done - but that the Board's deliberations
should be free from the improper influences of directors with health industry
affiliations.
In addition, as summarized in Mr. Hults' previous letter, Entergy's Board has in
fact engaged in deliberations over related national, regional, and corporate
policy matters, including various health, environmental, and economic policies.
Finally, it is not at all clear how an attorney reporting to management can
commit for the Company's Board of Directors that the Board will never engage in
deliberations over healthcare policy issues. It is the role of the Board, of
course, and not management, to determine its agenda and the scope of its
oversight responsibilities. Under Rule 14a-8, shareholders are clearly entitled
to propose a resolution urging that, should the Board undertake such
deliberations in the future, directors with health industry affiliations should
be recused from those discussions.
The Proposal has not been substantially implemented under Rule 14a-8(i)(10)
Entergy cites three no-action letters for its proposition that the standard for
determining whether a proposal has been "substantially implemented" is that the
company "must have accomplished the proposal's `essential objectives.'" Mr.
Hults notes only that, while none of the cases cited by the Company adopted the
standard Entergy claims, the Company's argument is unpersuasive in any event.3
In its 1983 Release, the Commission emphasized that while a proposal need not
have been "fully effected" to be excluded on these grounds, the issuer
nevertheless must have "substantially implemented" the proposal.4 In the 1982
Proposing Release, the Commission explained that this interpretive change was
designed merely to provide that a proposal might be considered moot where the
company has taken "most but not all of the actions requested," but has not
necessarily "fully effectuated" the proposal.5
As summarized in Mr. Hults' previous letter, Entergy's code of business conduct
for directors accomplishes none of the objectives of his proposal. In
particular, the Company's code of business conduct - unlike Mr. Hults' proposal
- does not specifically deal with the conflicts of interest posed by directors
with health industry affiliations, and does not even require the recusal of
directors holding such affiliations from any healthcare policy deliberations.
In addition, Entergy's code places the responsibility on individual directors to
self-report perceived conflicts of interest, unlike Mr. Hults' proposal, which
squarely places the responsibility on the Board to recuse directors with
healthcare conflicts. Finally, Entergy's code includes a "waiver" provision that
potentially renders the entire code of conduct meaningless. Mr. Hults' proposal,
by contrast, contains no waiver.
Thus, it cannot be said that Entergy has substantially implemented the Proposal.
The Proposal does not relate to "ordinary business operations" and therefore may
not be excluded under Rule 14a-8(i)(7)
As noted above and in Mr. Hults' previous letter, the Proposal involves a
corporate governance matter that is peculiarly suitable for consideration by
shareholders. As such, the Proposal does not involve "ordinary business
operations," and may not be excluded on that basis.
In its most recent letter, Entergy makes an untenable argument that there is a
"categorical difference" between proposals recommending independence standards
for directors - which have routinely been held by the Staff not to involve
"ordinary business" - and a proposal urging a conflict of interest standard (and
recusal requirement) for Board deliberations over healthcare policy matters.
This argument is clearly unpersuasive, since both kinds of proposals involve
corporate governance policies concerning the qualifications and independence of
directors.
The Company also erroneously argues that the no-action letters it cites make no
distinction between proposals involving ethical standards for directors, as
opposed to those for managers or other employees. The cases, however, clearly
make this distinction. In Niagara Mohawk, for example, Staff specifically noted
that the proposal dealt with "policies with respect to employees' ability to
serve on boards of outside organizations or hold outside employment."
Similarly, the determination in Sizeler Property Investors noted that the
proposal dealt with "procedures and policies for awarding contracts and
management of costs" - clearly ordinary business matters within the province of
management, not directors. A close reading of the other cases cited by Entergy,
moreover, reveals that each of those proposals dealt broadly with corporate
ethics policies that would apply to all employees, and not only to directors.
This is a critical distinction, since a proposal urging a conflict of interest
standard for directors - the shareholders' elected representatives - clearly
involves a matter of vital concern to the shareholders. By its very nature, a
corporate governance proposal such as Mr. Hults' does not involve the sort of
"mundane" business matter that is reserved exclusively to management.
For these reasons, as well as the reasons summarized in Mr. Hults' previous
letter, the Staff should decline the Company's request for a no-action
determination in this matter. Please let me know if you have any questions
concerning Mr. Hults' position.
Sincerely,
Mark Brooks
cc (w/enc): George E. Hults, Jr.
Edna M. Chism, Assistant General Counsel, Entergy Corp.
-----FOOTNOTES-----
1 SEC Release No. 34-20091 (Aug. 16, 1983) (emphasis supplied).
2 See SEC Release Nos. 34-19135 (Oct. 26, 1982) and 34-12999 (Nov. 22, 1976).
3 There is no indication that Staff adopted the asserted "essential objectives"
standard in any of the cases cited by Entergy, and indeed only one of those
companies even used that phrase in its no-action request. See The Talbots, Inc.
(April 5, 2002). In any event, as summarized above, Entergy's code of business
conduct clearly does not accomplish any of the objectives of Mr. Hults'
proposal.
4 SEC Release No. 34-20091 (Aug. 16, 1983).
5 SEC Proposing Release No. 34-19135 (Oct. 14, 1982). In 1997, moreover, the
Commission emphasized that "in order to have been `substantially implemented,'
the company must have actually taken steps to implement the proposal." Proposing
Release No. 34-39093 (Sept. 18, 1997).
[STAFF REPLY LETTER]
February 6, 2008
Response of the Office of Chief Counsel Division of Corporation Finance
Re: Entergy Corporation Incoming letter dated December 20, 2007
The proposal requests that the board of directors adopt a policy requiring the
recusal of directors with health industry affiliations from any board
deliberations or decisions related to public policy issues concerning health
care.
There appears to be some basis for your view that Entergy may exclude the
proposal under rule 14a-8(i)(7), as relating to Entergy's ordinary business
operations (i.e., terms of its conflicts of interest policy). Accordingly, we
will not recommend enforcement action to the Commission if Entergy omits the
proposal from its proxy materials in reliance on rule 14a-8(i)(7). In reaching
this position, we have not found it necessary to address the alternative bases
for omission upon which Entergy relies.
Sincerely,
/s/
Craig Slivka
Attorney-Adviser
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