Company Name: Farmer Bros. Co.
Public Availability Date: September 29, 2006
Document Sections:
INQUIRY LETTER
INQUIRY LETTER
APPENDIX
INQUIRY LETTER
INQUIRY LETTER
STAFF REPLY LETTER
[INQUIRY LETTER]
July 27, 2006
VIA HAND DELIVERY
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Division of Corporation Finance
Office of Chief Counsel
450 Fifth Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20549
Re: Farmer Bros. Co. Stockholder Proposal of Leonard Rosenthal Securities
Exchange Act of 1934Rule 14a-8
Ladies and Gentlemen:
We are counsel to Farmer Bros. Co., a Delaware corporation (the "Company"). The
Company has received a stockholder proposal concerning indemnification of
directors (the "Proposal") and a supporting statement (the "Supporting
Statement") from Leonard Rosenthal (the "Proponent") in connection with the
Company's 2006 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "2006 Stockholders Meeting").
On behalf of the Company, we hereby notify the Division of Corporation Finance
of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") of the Company's intention
to exclude the Proposal and Supporting Statement from its proxy statement and
form of proxy for the 2006 Stockholders Meeting (collectively, the "2006 Proxy
Materials") on the bases set forth below, and we respectfully request that the
Staff of the Division of Corporate Finance (the "Staff") concur in our view that
the Proposal and Supporting Statement are excludable on the bases set forth
below.
Pursuant to Rule 14a-8(j), enclosed are six (6) copies of this letter and its
attachments. As required by Rule 14a-8(j), a copy of this letter and its
attachments are being mailed on this date to the Proponent informing him of the
Company's intention to omit the Proposal and Supporting Statement from the 2006
Proxy Materials. The Company intends to begin distribution of its definitive
2006 Proxy Materials on or about October 20, 2006, and therefore this letter is
being submitted more than eighty (80) days prior to the date the Company will
file its definitive Proxy Materials with the Commission.
The Proposal relates to precluding indemnification in connection with certain
actions of the Company's directors and would have the stockholders make a
determination that none of the Company current directors (the "Directors") have
satisfied the legal standard that would entitle them to indemnification before
any action challenging their conduct has been asserted or any indemnification
claim has been made.
We believe that the Proposal and Supporting Statement may properly be excluded
from the Company's 2006 Proxy Materials pursuant to the following rules:
1. Rule 14a-8(i)(1), Rule 14a-8(i)(2) and Rule 14a-8(i)(6), because the
Proposal, if implemented, is not a proper subject for stockholder action under
Delaware law, would cause the Company to not comply with the legally authorized
process of permissive indemnification and would otherwise contravene Delaware
General Corporate Law ("DGCL") Section 145, and, therefore, cannot be
implemented by the Company.
2. Rule 14a-8(i)(1), because the Proposal conflicts with the Company's
Certificate of Incorporation (the "Certificate of Incorporation") and is,
therefore, not a proper subject for action by the stockholders.
3. Rule 14a-8(i)(6), because the Proposal would cause the company to breach
contractual obligations to its directors.
4. Rule 14a-8(i)(3), because the Proposal and Supporting Statement contain false
and misleading statements in violation of Rule 14a-9.
I. THE PROPOSALINTRODUCTION; SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT
A copy of the Proposal and Supporting Statement is attached hereto as Exhibit 1.
Attached hereto as Exhibits 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, are DGCL Section 145,
the Company's Certificate of Incorporation (the "Certificate of Incorporation"),
Article VIII of the Company's Bylaws ("Bylaws"), and the form of Indemnification
Agreement entered into by the directors (the "Indemnification Agreement").
The Proposal purports to make a determination that the Directors are not
entitled to indemnification for expenses and other amounts incurred in
connection with any "threatened, pending or completed action or proceeding of
the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") ... concerning the failure of
[the Company] to register and otherwise comply with the Investment Company Act
of 1940 ("ICA")", because the Directors "have NOT met the applicable standard of
conduct for indemnification established in DGCL 145(a)...."
Although the Proposal seeks to prohibit indemnification in connection with any
threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding of the SEC
(collectively, "Actions"), there is currently no pending or completed Action
and, to the best of the Company's knowledge, no such Action is threatened,
against the Directors related to the ICA.
The Proposal is an attempt to short-circuit the legally mandated indemnification
process with respect to any Action related to the ICA and adjudge the directors
guilty of breach of duty before any accusations have been made, any legal
actions brought or threatened, or any request for indemnification having been
made by any Director. As such, the Proposal contravenes DGCL Section 145, the
Certificate of Incorporation, the Bylaws and the Indemnification Agreement, and,
if implemented, would cause the Company to breach its contractual
indemnification duties to the Directors. Attached as Exhibit 6 is our legal
opinion (the "Opinion") which concludes that the Proposal, if implemented, would
contravene DGCL Section 145.
Finally, the Proposal contains an unsupported assertion of fact and the
Supporting Statement misstates applicable law and would mislead stockholders
concerning the effect of the Proposal.
II. THE PROPOSAL CONTRAVENES THE DELAWARE INDEMNIFICATION STATUTE, CONFLICTS
WITH THE COMPANY'S CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION AND BYLAWS AND, IF IMPLEMENTED,
AND WOULD CAUSE A BREACH OF CONTRACT
(1) The Delaware Indemnification Statute.
DGCL Section 145 provides rules for determining whether indemnification of
directors, officers and other agents is proper under Delaware law. This statute
provides mandatory indemnification of a director if the director has been
successful on the merits in defending an Action (subsection (c)) and provides
for permissive indemnification (subsection (d)) in other cases upon a
determination "in the specific case" that indemnification is proper in the
circumstances because the director has met the applicable standard of conduct
set forth in DGCL Sections 145(a) and (b). Any claim brought by the SEC against
the Directors related to the ICA (e.g., a third-party claim) would be covered by
DGCL Section 145(a) which provides that a corporation shall have the power to
indemnify a director "if he acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably
believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, and,
with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to
believe his conduct was unlawful." The foregoing is referred to as the "Legal
Standard." A corporation may determine whether a director has satisfied the
Legal Standard by any of four alternative means: (1) by a majority of non-party
directors even if less than a quorum, (2) by a committee of such non-party
directors, (3) by a written opinion from independent legal counsel, or (4) by
approval of the stockholders (DGCL Section 145(d)(1)-(4)).
According to the Supporting Statement, "[T]he proposed resolution provides an
opportunity to exercise our stockholders' [sic] right to determine whether the
conduct of the Company's current directors met the standards required for a
Delaware corporation to authorize what is called 'permissive' indemnification
pursuant to DGCL 145(d)." This statement is erroneous on its face as the
Proposal, which purports to act as a right of stockholders to determine whether
the conduct of the Directors satisfies the Legal Standard for authorizing
permissive indemnification pursuant to DGCL Section 145(d)(4), is only one of
the four alternative means of determining whether the Directors have satisfied
the Legal Standard for authorizing permissive indemnification. The Proposal
seeks to deny the Directors the ability to determine which of the four
permissible methods for determining whether an indemnification claim is proper
as provided by the statute, and is, therefore, as confirmed in the Opinion, not
a proper subject for action of the stockholders.
In addition, DGCL Section 145(d) states that indemnification must be authorized
or not "in the specific case upon a determination that indemnification of the
... director ... is proper in the circumstances because the person has met the
applicable standard of conduct...." DGCL Section 145(d) is clearly intended to
deal with the propriety of indemnification by determining whether the director
has met the Legal Standard only after there is a specific action resulting in a
claim for indemnification, and as stated in the Opinion, it is our view that
under DGCL Section 145(d), indemnification can be neither granted nor denied in
advance of the disposition of an Action and an actual claim for indemnification
related to such Action. Since there is no specific Action resulting in a claim
for indemnification, and in fact there is not even a pending or threatened
Action against a Director that could give rise to a claim for indemnification
related to the ICA and no claim for indemnification has been made, in our
opinion the Proposal, which purports to be brought under DGCL Section 145(d),
cannot be brought under that statute and for this reason contravenes Delaware
law. Moreover, should such a claim be presented in the future, the failure to
obtain a stockholder vote authorizing indemnification at this time would not
preclude the other means specified by statute and (not referred to in the
Supporting Statement) in which satisfaction of the Legal Standard for permissive
indemnification can be determined, such as a written legal opinion, approval by
a majority or committee of non-party directors even if less than a quorum, or a
committee thereof, or even approval at a later date by disinterested
stockholders. No facts presently exist, since no claim has yet been asserted, on
which to base any determination of the satisfaction of the Legal Standard and
appropriateness of indemnification under DGCL Section 145(d).
As such, the Proposal (i) is not a proper subject for the stockholders under
Delaware law (Rule 14a-8(i)(1)), because, as confirmed in the Opinion, it seeks
to deny the Directors the right to determine which of the four permissible
methods for determining whether an indemnification claim is proper, (ii)
contravenes DGCL Section 145, as confirmed in the Opinion (Rule 14a-8(i)(2)),
and, therefore, (iii) cannot be implemented by the Company (Rule 14a-8(i)(6)).
For these reasons, the Proposal may be excluded under Rule 14a-8(i)(1), Rule
14a-8(i)(2) and Rule 14a-8(i)(6).
In Farmer Bros. Co. (November 28, 2003), the Staff addressed a similar proposal
by a stockholder of the Company prior to the Company's reincorporation from
California to Delaware. The proposal in Farmer Bros. Co. also sought to deny
indemnification to directors involving issues related to the ICA. In Farmer
Bros. Co. the Company argued, and the Staff concurred that the proposal was not
a proper subject for stockholder action under California law because it sought
to deny directors the ability to determine the propriety of a claim for
indemnification provided under California law. The Delaware indemnification
statute, DGCL Section 145, is substantially similar to the California statute in
question in Farmer Bros. Co. In Travelers Group, January 29, 1998, the Staff
agreed that a proposal which would prohibit indemnification for defense costs
despite a successful defense on the merits and alter the procedures for
authorizing indemnification of corporate agents violated the Delaware
indemnification statute and could be excluded under what is now Rule
14a-8(i)(2). Similarly, in Western Union, July 22, 1987, the Staff concurred
that Western Union could exclude a proposal to limit indemnification in a manner
contrary to the Delaware statute under what are now Rules 14a-8(i)(2) and
14a-8(i)(6).
(2) Conflict with Certificate of Incorporation.
Article Seventh of the Certificate of Incorporation states in pertinent part:
"The Corporation shall indemnify its directors and officers to the fullest
extent ... permitted by law, as now or hereafter in effect.... The rights to
indemnification ... shall not be exclusive of any other right which any person
may have or hereafter acquire under this Certificate of Incorporation, the
By-Laws of the Corporation, any statute, agreement, vote of stockholders or
disinterested directors or otherwise.... Any repeal or modification of this
Article SEVENTH shall not adversely affect any rights to indemnification ...
with respect to any acts or omissions occurring prior to such repeal or
modification." Thus, the Certificate of Incorporation makes mandatory the
indemnification permitted by DGCL Sections 145(a) and (b).
The Proposal is in conflict with the Certificate of Incorporation because it
purports to revoke the Company's authority to indemnify directors for Actions
related to the ICA. The Proposal, therefore, may be excluded under Rule
14a-8(i)(1) because it does not present a proper subject for action by the
Company's stockholders. See Purepac Laboratories Corporation, April 11, 1974,
where the Staff concurred that Purepac could exclude under what is now Rule
14a-8(i)(1) a proposed bylaw amendment that was in conflict with the certificate
of incorporation on the ground that it did not present a proper subject for
action by such company's stockholders.
(3) Breach of Contract.
In addition to the indemnification rights provided by the Certificate of
Incorporation, Article VIII of the Bylaws confers indemnification rights on the
directors. Section 8.1 of the Bylaws requires the Company to indemnify Directors
for third party claims such as an Action related to the ICA if, consistent with DGCL Section 145(a), they satisfied the Legal Standard. Section 8.3 follows
Section 145(d) and provides for the four alternative means referenced in DGCL
Section 145(d), as described in Section II (1), above, for determining whether
the Directors have satisfied the Legal Standard. Section 8.4 of the Bylaws
defines in more detail the standard of conduct for indemnification. Section 8.7
of the Bylaws makes clear that it is the policy of the Corporation that
indemnification shall be made to the fullest extent permitted by law.
Each of the Directors has previously entered into an Indemnification Agreement.
Section 3 of the Indemnification Agreement affirms the right of the directors to
indemnification from third party claims if they have satisfied the Legal
Standard. Section 12 of the Indemnification Agreement makes clear that the
Directors may elect to determine whether a Director is entitled to
indemnification by either a majority vote of the "Disinterested Directors" or an
opinion of "Independent Counsel." Section 13(a) of the Indemnification Agreement
states that the persons making a determination as to whether indemnification is
proper shall "presume that Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification ... and the
Company shall have the burden of proof to overcome that presumption...."
The Directors have relied on the indemnification provisions in the Certificate
of Incorporation, the Bylaws and the Indemnification Agreement, and such
provisions create contractual rights in favor of the Directors. See FOLK ON THE
DELAWARE GENERAL CORPORATION LAW, Sections 242.2 (doctrine that charter is a
contract is long established in Delaware) and 109.7 (By-laws generally have the
force of a contract between the corporation and the directors) The Proposal
seeks to (i) nullify those contractual rights by removing from the Directors, or
independent counsel, the ability to determine whether the Directors have
satisfied the Legal Standard, and (ii) nullify the requirement that the Company
bear the burden of proving that one or more of the statutory grounds for denying
indemnification exists. Giving effect to the Proposal would cause the Company to
breach its existing contractual obligations with the Directors as provided in
the Certificate of Incorporation, Bylaws and the Indemnification Agreement. For
this reason, the Proposal may be excluded by the Company under Rules
14(a)-8(i)(2) and 14(a)-8(i)(6). See Western Union, July 22, 1987, in which the
Staff permitted exclusion under what are now Rules 14a-8(i)(2) and 14a-8(i)(6)
of a proposal which both violated the Delaware indemnification statute and would
have caused a breach of a contract to indemnify.
In Staff Legal Bulletin No. 14, dated July 13, 2001, at Question E.5, the Staff
states that, with respect to Rules 14a-8(i)(2) and 14a-8(i)(6), "[I]f
implementing the proposal would require the company to breach existing
contractual obligations, we may permit the stockholder to revise the proposal so
that it applies only to the company's future contractual obligations." However,
the contractual rights in question derive from the Certificate of Incorporation,
the Bylaws and Indemnification Agreement which will not expire. Accordingly, the
Proposal cannot be revised to cure this problem and is excludable under Rule
14a-8(i)(2) and Rule 14a-8(i)(6).
III. THE PROPOSAL AND SUPPORTING STATEMENT ARE FALSE AND MISLEADING
The Proposal contains an unsupported assertion of fact:
"[T]he Company's current directors have NOT met the applicable standard of
conduct for indemnification established in DGCL 145(a)...."
The Proposal did not provide any factual support for this statement, other than
the sweeping statement that the Company has deliberately rejected actions to
comply with the ICA since August 2002. See Staff Legal Bulletin No. 14 July 13,
2001, Paragraph G, Substantive Issues 4: "In drafting a proposal and supporting
statement, stockholders should avoid making unsupported assertions of fact."
This unsupported statement is misleading and violates Rule 14a-9. The Note to
Rule 14a-9 states that "misleading" materials include "[m]aterial which directly
or indirectly ... makes charges concerning improper, illegal or immoral conduct
or associations, without factual foundation." The Proponent provides no facts to
support the above statement and it should be excluded under Rule 14a-8(i)(3) as
misleading in violation of Rule 14a-9.
The misstatements in the Supporting Statement include:
(1) "This Proposed resolution provides an opportunity to exercise our
stockholder's right to determine whether the conduct of the Company's current
directors met the standards required for a Delaware corporation to authorize
what is called 'permissive' indemnification pursuant to DGCL 145(d)." The
stockholders have no right to determine if the Directors have satisfied the
Standard of Conduct. Only if a matter of permissive indemnification is submitted
to them for approval under DGCL Section 145(d)(4) do they have the right to
vote. The statement ignores the fact that indemnification can also be authorized
under DGCL Section 145(d) by vote of non-party directors even if less than a
quorum or by the written opinion of independent legal counsel.
(2) "Our vote will not interfere with the legitimate indemnification rights of a
director who succeeds in any defense or obtains a court order...." This
statement is also misleading because it omits to state that it is also
legitimate for a director to be entitled to indemnification if satisfaction of
the Standard of Conduct is determined by non-party directors or by an opinion of
independent legal counsel.
All of these misstatements result from Proponent's failure to comprehend the
fact that the Proposal cannot change the rules governing indemnification as
provided by DGCL Section 145, the Certificate of Incorporation, the Bylaws and
the Indemnification Agreement, and therefore the Proposal cannot achieve its
intended result. Accordingly, the Proponent's statements concerning the effect
of the Proposal are false and misleading.
Please take note that the Proponent is a college professor and author with ample
resources and ability to have researched applicable law and drafted a proper
proposal. Although the Company does not believe this Proposal can be salvaged by
revisions, the Company submits that affording this Proponent any further
opportunity to make a proper proposal would be inappropriate and deleterious to
the efficient operation of the stockholder proposal process. See Pacific
Enterprises, March 9, 1990. The request for a no-action letter in Pacific
Enterprises contains citations to a number of other no-action letters on this
point.
Would you kindly advise us by fax at (213) 687-5600 of your response.
Thank you for your consideration.
Respectfully submitted,
/s/
Joseph J. Giunta
JJG:C
[INQUIRY LETTER]
Leonard Rosenthal
106 Walnut Hill Rd.
Newton, MA 02461
June 26, 2006
By telecopier and overnight delivery
Farmer Bros. Co.
20333 South Normandie Avenue
Torrance, CA 90502
Attention: Corporate Secretary
Dear Sir or Madam:
I have beneficially owned shares of Farmer Bros. Co. ("Company") having a market
value of more than $2,000 continuously for more than a year, and intend to
continue ownership of such shares through the date of the next annual meeting of
stockholders. I am submitting the accompanying proposal and supporting statement
pursuant to Rule 14a-8 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended,
for inclusion in the Company's proxy statement for the next meeting of
stockholders. I intend to present the proposal at the meeting, personally or
through a qualified representative.
I am the beneficial owner of shares in street name. A statement from the record
holder of street name shares will be furnished to you upon your request. Please
let me know, at the mailing address shown on this letterhead, if you have any
questions or require any additional information.
Very truly yours,
/s/
Leonard Rosenthal
[APPENDIX]
PROPOSAL: INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS
RESOLVED, that in relation to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit
or proceeding of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), whether civil,
criminal, administrative or investigative, concerning the failure of Farmer
Bros. Co. (the "Company") to register and otherwise comply with the Investment
Company Act of 1940 ("ICA"), and based on the Company's public record of
deliberately rejecting actions to comply with the ICA since August 2002, the
Company's stockholders have determined pursuant to Delaware General Corporation
Law ("DGCL") Section 145(d)(4) that the Company's current directors have NOT met
the applicable standard of conduct for indemnification established in DGCL
145(a), requiring that a director must have acted "in good faith and in a manner
the person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of
the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no
reasonable cause to believe the person's conduct was unlawful."
SUPPORTING STATEMENT
This proposed resolution provides an opportunity to exercise our stockholder's
right to determine whether the conduct of the Company's current directors met
the standards required for a Delaware corporation to authorize what is called
"permissive" indemnification pursuant to DGCL 145(d). Voting for this proposal
would tell the Company we consider it unacceptable to use corporate fundsthe
property of stockholders - to indemnify directors specifically in relation to
SEC enforcement of ICA compliance.
(Our vote will not interfere with the legitimate indemnification rights of a
director who succeeds in any defense or obtains a court order, and will have no
bearing at all on a director's indemnification for anything other than the
specified SEC enforcement of ICA compliance.)
It should be noted that the Company's management could decide to ignore our
determination of director conduct if they rely upon provisions of a new
"Indemnification Agreement" the directors approved for themselves, disclosed by
the Company in a May 22, 2006 SEC filing. In that event, it is my understanding
that a court or the SEC may have to decide whether various provisions of the new
"Agreement" are allowed by the DGCL, ICA, and other laws.
My opinion, based on publicly available Company reports and SEC records, is that
the directors have knowingly failed to cause the Company to comply with the ICA,
and that they knew this action would deprive shareholders of the benefits of ICA
registration - regulatory oversight, tax advantages, and separation of the
investment funds from the operating business.
Among the facts I considered were the directors' adoption of a "poison pill" and
other management entrenchment measures that the ICA does not allow, and the
explicit acknowledgement by the Company's own lawyer in an August 26, 2002
letter that it would violate laws for an ICA-registered company to engage in the
transactions that eventually transferred a 19% voting block of Company stock to
an affiliated ESOP.
I urge all of the Company's shareholders, and those acting as their fiduciaries,
to consider the available evidence and vote for this resolution.
[INQUIRY LETTER]
July 27, 2006
VIA FEDERAL EXPRESS
Farmer Bros. Co.
20333 South Normandie Avenue
Torrance, CA 90502
Re: Proposed Stockholder Resolution Submitted By Leonard Rosenthal
Gentlemen:
You have requested our opinion as to whether the stockholder proposal (the
"Proposal") submitted to Farmer Bros. Co., a Delaware corporation (the
"Company"), by Leonard Rosenthal (the "Proponent"), would, if adopted and
implemented, contravene the provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law
(the "DGCL"), and whether the Proposal is a proper subject for action by the
Company's stockholders under Delaware law.
In connection with your request for our opinion, you have furnished us with
copies of the Proponent's letter to the Company, dated June 26, 2006, and the
Proposal and supporting statement which accompanied such letter. We also have
reviewed the Company's Certificate of Incorporation (the "Certificate of
Incorporation"), the Company's Bylaws (the "Bylaws") and the form of
indemnification agreement entered into by the directors, each in their current
form, and such other documents as we deemed necessary. We have assumed the
conformity to the original documents of all documents submitted to us as copies
and the authenticity of the originals of such documents.
The Proponent has proposed a binding stockholder resolution to preclude
indemnification of all of the Company's current directors with respect to
certain types of claims that may arise in the future related to the Investment
Company Act of 1940 (the "ICA"). The text of the proposed stockholder resolution
is as follows:
PROPOSAL: INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS
RESOLVED, that in relation to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit
or proceeding of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), whether civil,
criminal, administrative or investigative, concerning the failure of Farmer
Bros. Co. (the "Company") to register and otherwise comply with the Investment
Company Act of 1940 ("ICA"), and based on the Company's public record of
deliberately rejecting actions to comply with the ICA since August 2002, the
Company's stockholders have determined pursuant to Delaware General Corporation
Law ("DGCL") Section 145(d)(4) that the Company's current directors have NOT met
the applicable standard of conduct for indemnification established in DGCL
145(a), requiring that a director must have acted "in good faith and in a manner
the person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of
the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no
reasonable cause to believe the person's conduct was unlawful."
The Proposal was accompanied by a statement of the Proponent in support thereof
(the "Supporting Statement"). A copy of the Proposal and the Supporting
Statement are attached as Exhibit A.
Members of our firm are admitted to the bar of the State of Delaware, and we do
not express any opinion as to the laws of any jurisdiction other than the laws
of the State of Delaware.
Analysis of Invalidity of Proposal Under Delaware Law
In our opinion, based upon and subject to the qualifications set forth in this
letter, the Proposal contravenes Delaware law, and the Proposal is not a proper
subject for action by the Company's stockholders. Therefore, the Proposal is
invalid and improper under the laws of the State of Delaware.
1. The Proposal Would Contravene DGCL Section 145(d)
In our opinion, the Proposal contravenes DGCL Section 145(d) for at least two
reasons: (a) it not only seeks to deny indemnification under DGCL Section 145(d)
prior to the resolution of any Action (as defined below), it seeks to do so
prior to the commencement of an Action that may result in a claim for
indemnification, and (b) it seeks to exclude improperly other lawful methods of
indemnification under DGCL Section 145(d).
(a) DGCL Section 145(d) provides, in part, as follows:
Any indemnification under subsections (a) and (b) of this section (unless
ordered by a court) shall be made by the corporation only as authorized in the
specific case [emphasis added] upon a determination that indemnification of the
present or former director, officer, employee or agent is proper in the
circumstances because the person has met the applicable standard of conduct
[emphasis added] set forth in subsections (a) and (b) of this Section.
According to the Supporting Statement, "This proposed resolution provides an
opportunity to exercise our stockholder's right to determine whether the conduct
of the Company's current directors met the standards required for a Delaware
corporation to authorize what is called 'permissive' indemnification pursuant to
DGCL Section 145(d)." To our knowledge based on representations from the
Company, and for purposes of this opinion, we assume that no threatened, pending
or completed action, suit or proceeding of the Securities and Exchange
Commission ("SEC"), whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative,
(collectively, "Actions") have been brought against any of the directors
concerning the failure of the Company to register and otherwise comply with the
ICA.
The reference in DGCL Section 145(d) to, "any indemnification under subsection
(a) and (b) of this section (unless ordered by a Court) shall be made by the
corporation only if authorized in the specific case [emphasis added], upon a
determination that indemnification of the present or former director, officer,
employee or agent is proper in the circumstances because the person has met the
applicable standard of conduct [emphasis added] ...", clearly indicates that any
determination regarding the propriety of indemnification under DGCL Section
145(d) must be made only after an action giving rise to a claim for
indemnification is resolved. In our opinion, indemnification can clearly be
neither granted or denied pursuant to DGCL Section 145(d) in advance of an
actual claim where the actual circumstances can be considered.
DGCL Section 145 simply does not contemplate that the Company can make a
"determination" by stockholder vote or otherwise before the resolution, much
less the commencement, of an underlying action. As one leading commentator has
unqualifiedly stated, "The right to indemnification is a post-judgment decision
that must necessarily await the outcome of the litigation, given the limiting
substantive conditions regarding indemnitee's conduct and motivation that must
be met under the statute." D. Wolfe & M. Pittinger, CORPORATE AND COMMERCIAL
PRACTICE IN THE DELAWARE COURT OF CHANCERY, Section 8-2 at 8-18.1 (2006).
Any reading of DGCL Section 145(d) that purports to permit a determination of
indemnity rights before the disposition of an underlying Action is clearly
contrary to the statute. DGCL Section 145 clearly recognizes the difference
between whether deciding to pay corporate funds before and after the disposition
of any underlying Action. In "advance of the final disposition" a directors
expenses may be advanced by the corporation to the director pursuant to DGCL
Section 145(e).1 Only after the disposition of an Action may the Company make
the decision whether to indemnify the directors for the costs incurred in
connection with the Action. See Advanced Mining Systems v. Fricke,
623 A.2d 82, 84 (Del. Ch. 1992) (decision to advance expenses to directors or officers prior
to termination of a litigation proceeding is different than determination of
whether director or officer is ultimately entitled to indemnification which is
determined after the termination of such proceeding). Under DGCL Section 145(e),
a corporation may advance expenses through the "final disposition" of the
underlying action. Such an advancement is conditioned on an undertaking of such
director to repay such amount "if it shall ultimately be determined [emphasis
added] that such person is not entitled to be indemnified as authorized in this
section." DGCL Section 145(e). The "ultimate determination" is the
"determination" made pursuant to DGCL Section 145(d). Thus DGCL Section 145
clearly contemplates that the "determination" whether to indemnify directors
will occur after the "final disposition" of the underlying action, at which time
the corporation can also determine whether advanced expenses need to be repaid
by directors pursuant to the required undertaking. See Dunlop v. Sunbeam Corp,
1999 Del. Ch. LEXIS 126, 17 (1999). (advances do not have to be returned until
after both the completion of lawsuits and the determination that persons are not
entitled to indemnification for such completed lawsuits)
The Proposal purports to make the "determination" required by DGCL Section
145(d) not only prior to the disposition of a pending Action, but also prior to
the existence of any pending or threatened Action. Since there are no pending or
threatened Actions against any of the directors related to the ICA and no claim
for indemnification has been made, the Proposal, which purports to brought under
DGCL Section 145(d), cannot be brought properly under such statute and,
therefore, contravenes such statute.
(b) In the absence of a successful defense on the merits by the director, in
which case indemnification is mandatory pursuant to DGCL Section 145(c), DGCL
Section 145(d) authorizes indemnification when the director has met the
applicable standard of conduct as determined by any of the following four
methods:
(1) A majority vote of the directors who are not parties to such action, suit or
proceeding, even though less than quorum; or
(2) By a committee of such directors designated by a majority vote of such
directors, even though less than a quorum; or
(3) If there are no such directors, or if such directors so direct, by
independent legal counsel in a written opinion; or
(4) By the stockholders.
However, the Supporting Statement only refers to one of the four methods,
stockholder approval (subparagraph (4) above). The Proposal seeks to
preemptively deny the other three methods that are specifically authorized by
the statute, and, neither the Proposal, nor the Supporting Statement, refers to
the three alternative methods for granting indemnification described in DGCL
Sections 145(d)(1), 145(d)(2) and 145(d)(3), namely by a majority vote of a
disinterested directors, or committee thereof, even though less than a quorum,
and if there are no such directors or such directors so direct, by independent
legal counsel in a written opinion. Nothing in DGCL Section 145(d) suggests that
failure to approve indemnification under one subsection would preclude
indemnification under the other authorized means. Therefore, the Proposal
improperly seeks to deny the ability of the Company to grant indemnification to
the directors pursuant to DGCL Sections 145(d)(1), 145(d)(2) and 145(d)(3) with
respect to any Actions related to the ICA should they arise in the future.
Moreover, the Proposal purports to deny the stockholders of the Company the
ability to grant indemnification pursuant to DGCL Section 145(d)(4), as
warranted under the circumstances, at a later date, in the event a specific case
arises related to the ICA. In our opinion, this denial of a statutory right to
indemnification, in the absence of a resolved Action and a claim for
indemnification, would also contravene DGCL Section 145(d) because there are no
facts on which to base a determination of whether the applicable standards have
been met.
2. The Proposal is Not a Proper Subject for Action by the Stockholders
In our opinion, the Proposal is not a proper subject of action by the
stockholders for at least two reasons: (a) It seeks to deny the directors of the
Company the ability to determine which of the four permissible methods for
determining whether an indemnification claim is proper, as provided by statute,
and (b) it conflicts with a provision in the Certificate of Incorporation that
is intended to indemnify directors to the maximum extent permitted by law.
As described above DGCL Section 145(d)(1) and 145(d)(2) provides that non-party
directors or a committee thereof, even though less than a quorum may determine
the propriety of a director's claim for indemnification, and if there are no
such directors, or if such directors so elect, the Company may seek to obtain
the written opinion of legal counsel in accordance with DGCL Section 145(d)(3).
DGCL Section 141(a) provides that the "business and affairs of every corporation
... shall be managed by or under the direction of a board of directors...."
Determining which of the four permissible methods for determining whether an
indemnification claim is proper, is within such power and duties of the
directors to manage the affairs of the Company provided such directors comply
with DGCL Section 145(d). The Proposal is not a proper action for the
stockholders because, if implemented, it would improperly intrude on such power
and duties of the directors as expressly contemplated by statute and the
Company's Certificate of Incorporation.
Article Seventh of the Certificate of Incorporation states that "The Corporation
shall indemnify its directors ... to the fullest extent permitted by law, as now
or hereinafter in effect...." The Proposal is in conflict with the Company's
Certificate of Incorporation because it purports to revoke or limit the
Company's authority to indemnify directors with respect to any Actions related
to the ICA to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. Indeed the proposal
also seeks to do so on a retroactive and a prospective basis, which would deny
the directors certain protection already afforded them in the Certificate of
Incorporation. In our view the Proposal is in conflict with this provision in
the Certificate of Incorporation, and since the Certificate of Incorporation may
not be amended without the approval of both the Company's board of directors and
stockholders in accordance with DGCL Section 242, the Proposal does not present
a proper subject for action by the Company's stockholders.
* * *
Based upon and subject to the foregoing, it is our opinion that the stockholder
resolution contemplated by the Proposal contravenes Delaware law and is not a
proper subject for action by the Company's stockholders at the Annual Meeting
and that a Delaware court, presented with the question of the resolution's
validity, would so conclude.
This opinion is furnished to you solely for your benefit in connection with the
Proposal and, except as set forth in the next sentence, is not to be used,
circulated, quoted or otherwise referred to for any other purpose or relied upon
by any other person without our express written permission. We hereby consent to
your furnishing a copy of this opinion to the Staff of the SEC in connection
with a no-action request with respect to the Proposal.
Very truly yours,
/s/
-----FOOTNOTES-----
1 Both the Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws provide for advancement of
expenses to directors.
[INQUIRY LETTER]
August 14, 2006
Ted Yu, Esquire
Division of Corporation Finance
Securities and Exchange Commission
450 Fifth Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20549
Email: cfletters@sec.gov
Re: Farmer Bros. Co.
Dear Mr. Yu:
As the shareholder who presented the proposal ("Proposal") addressed by Skadden
Arps Slate Meagher & Flom in their July 27, 2006 letter to the SEC on behalf of
Farmer Bros. Co. ("Company"), I ask you to consider reasons why their arguments
should be rejected. I also request your advice on SEC policy relating
specifically to the Company's request for your concurrence to exclude the
Proposal based on theories of state law which are untested.
Since the Company's attorneys have not cited any court decisions to support
their key arguments, I am responding as a non-lawyer to address the issues
simply based on common sense. If the Company's attorneys subsequently provide
supporting court decisions, I will consider engaging counsel to respond further
to any relevant legal issues.
Importance of the issues
The Proposal is intended to present the Company's shareholders with an
opportunity to exercise a critical right of corporate governance - the oversight
of director conduct. The Company's management wants to avoid this oversight, and
seeks SEC support based on their attorneys' view of how state law might be
applied. Whether the attorneys' arguments are considered persuasive or not,
there is no indication that their view is shared by the Delaware court. The
Company's attorneys, who are assumed to be familiar with the state court's
established rules to consider the legality of shareholder proposals only if they
are actually adopted, are therefore asking the SEC to decide an issue of state
law.
As explained below, SEC acceptance of untested theories of state law as a basis
for allowing the exclusion of shareholder proposals would deprive investors of
the rights intended by state law, and ultimately cripple our system of corporate
governance.
Company's untested "view" of Delaware law
All of the Company's arguments supporting exclusion of the Proposal under Rule
14a-8(i)(2) and Rule 14a-8(i)(6) are based essentially on two novel theories
which the Company's attorneys present as "our view" of Delaware law. Since the
Company's Bylaws follow the language of Delaware General Corporate Law ("DGCL")
Section 145, and since corporate powers are in any event limited to what is
permitted by the DGCL, I assume there is no real reason to consider anything
other than the state law. As a practical matter, my Proposal cannot be
considered inconsistent with any valid provision of the Company's Bylaws unless
a Delaware court eventually validates the Company's "view" ofthe state law.
Although it may not be necessary for the SEC to consider a theory or "view" that
has not yet been tested by the state court, I believe it is relevant that the
Company's two key theories appear to differ significantly from conventional
interpretations of the plainly written Delaware statute.
1. In offering their "view" that determinations can be made only after an actual
claim is finally resolved, the Company's attorneys repeatedly use the word
"case" and ignore the statute's clearly stated purpose - "to indemnify any
person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any
threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil,
criminal, administrative or investigative." [DGCL §145(a)] They also ignore the
statute's careful definition of several alternative means of advance, permissive
and otherwise conditional determinations which are subject to an ultimate
determination of indemnification rights upon "final disposition of such action,
suit or proceeding." [DGCL §145(e)]
2. The Company's second key "view" is that directors who are defending claims
against themselves should be allowed to choose from any one of four alternative
determinations of their conduct. There is clearly nothing in either the language
or the logic of the statute to support the idea that Delaware's lawmakers
intended to give directors this ability to prevent shareholder oversight,
especially in the context of their possible breaches of duty.
It should be noted that the only two Delaware legal cases cited by the Company's
attorneys, dealing with an element of their arguments on page 4 of the "opinion"
letter addressed to the Company, actually seem to contradict rather than support
their "view." Both of the cited cases demonstrate how Delaware state law
provides for interim decisions about indemnification before a proceeding is
final, subject to a possibly different ultimate determination after the
proceeding is completed.
Facts to be considered
To suggest that there is no basis for directors to seek indemnification and
therefore no basis for judging its justification, the Company's attorneys
carefully phrased a statement on page 3 of their letter that "to the best of the
Company's knowledge, no such Action is threatened, against the Directors related
to the ICA." They do not, however, include among their various assertions of
"false and misleading" statements on pages 8 to 9 any challenge at all to my
Supporting Statement's report of the public record regarding SEC attention to
ICA compliance issues. In particular, they do not dispute "the explicit
acknowledgement by the Company's own lawyer in an August 26, 2002 letter [to the
SEC] that it would violate laws for an ICA-registered company to engage in the
transactions" which were subsequently executed. Under these circumstances, in
the absence of SEC advice that it does not intend to address the Company's ICA
compliance issues, there is certainly a basis for the responsible Directors to
reasonably anticipate the need for defensive legal advice and request
indemnification of "expenses (including attorneys' fees)" according to the
provisions of DGCL 145.
Logically, whenever the Company's directors have the right to request
indemnification under DGCL 145, the Company's shareholders would have the right
under the same statute to determine whether the directors' conduct met the
required standard. Indeed, it must be up to the shareholdersnot the defending
directorsto decide whether the information available to them is sufficient for
a determination of the directors' conduct.
Intention to clearly present shareholder choice
To give the Company's shareholders an opportunity to exercise their right to
judge the conduct of their directors, my Proposal and Supporting Statement are
intended to clearly present the permissive alternative which is explicitly
described in DGCL §145(d). My presentation is also intended to clearly explain
that a shareholder vote adopting the Proposal would in no way interfere with
DGCL 145's provisions for superseding determinations of indemnification rights,
including an ultimate determination upon "final disposition." If the SEC Staff
believes that my Proposal requires better explanation, I will of course be
pleased to revise its presentation accordingly.
I will also be pleased to revise the Proposal's statement of what is to be
decided by the shareholder vote, if the SEC believes that anyone other than the
Company's attorneys may confuse the statement of the question with "an
unsupported assertion of fact."
Question of SEC policy for resolution of state law issues
Regarding my request for advice on SEC policy, you will find with this letter a
copy of the June 22, 2006 Delaware state court decision in the case of Lucian A.
Bebchuk v. CA, Inc., in which the court addresses the issue of "ripeness"
relating to the question of a shareholder proposal's validity. The case involves
a company's intent to exclude a proposal from its proxy statement based on
arguments supported by an opinion of respected attorneys, but not yet tested by
the court, that the proposal would conflict with state law. Reviewing the
court's established rules, the decision explains that under most circumstances
the state court cannot consider unresolved issues concerning a proposal's
validity until after the proposal has been adopted by shareholders. The court
observes specifically, on page 14, that the "extraordinary idea that this court
must immediately rule on the legality of any stockholder proposal" before it is
presented for shareholder voting would "turn this court into a sort of
administrative venue for 'shaping' the proxy materials," and that the resulting
"conflation of federal regulation and state corporate law" would be unacceptable
and "unsupported by our precedent."
It is clear from this recent decision that the Delaware court will not resolve
issues concerning the validity of a shareholder proposal until after a proposal
is adopted. Therefore, new theories such as those offered by the Company's
attorneys as "our view" can be tested in the state court only if the SEC follows
a policy of supporting a proposal's presentation to shareholders for voting
unless an argued conflict is based on clearly established law. A policy allowing
the exclusion of proposals based on legal theories which have not been tested in
the state court would obstruct the resolution of corporate governance issues.
Specifically in relation to my Proposal, if the Company's attorneys are really
willing to go before a Delaware court to test their novel "views" about the
authority of defendant directors to control their own indemnification, they will
have the opportunity to do so if and when shareholders have voted to make the
issue relevant. But if the SEC allows the Company to exclude my Proposal from
its proxy statement, there will never be any opportunity for me or anyone else
to ask a Delaware court to consider the issues, and the SEC itself will have
decided what "views" of the state law can be applied to the governance of
corporations.
As an investor and finance professor, I view this as an important question of
public policy. Will the SEC decide whether shareholders can exercise their
voting rights based on a company's ability to find a lawyer willing to sell an
accommodating "view" of state law? Or will the SEC rely upon a state court's
definition of state law?
Please let me know by email (lrosenthal@bentley.edu) or telephone (781-891-2516)
what additional information you may find useful.
Sincerely,
/s
Leonard Rosenthal, Ph.D.
cc: Joseph J. Giunta, Esquire (jgiunta@skadden.com)
[STAFF REPLY LETTER]
September 29, 2006
Response of the Office of Chief Counsel Division of Corporation Finance
Re: Farmer Bros. Co. Incoming letter dated July 27, 2006
The proposal relates to a shareholder resolution determining that the company's
current directors have not met the applicable standard of conduct for
indemnification established under state law in connection to any "threatened,
pending or completed action, suit or proceeding of the Securities and Exchange
Commission ('SEC'), whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative"
concerning the company's failure to "register and otherwise comply with the
Investment Company Act of 1940..."
There appears to be some basis for your view that Farmer Bros. may exclude the
proposal under rule 14a-8(i)(2). We note that, in the opinion of your counsel,
implementation of the proposal would cause Farmer Bros. to violate state law.
Accordingly, we will not recommend enforcement action to the Commission if
Farmer Bros. omits the proposal from its proxy materials in reliance on rule
14a-8(i)(2). In reaching this position, we have not found it necessary to
address the alternative bases for omission upon which Farmer Bros. relies.
Sincerely,
/s/
Ted Yu
Special Counsel
|